Interaction of plasma with Graphene Oxide: A review

  IJETT-book-cover  International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT)          
  
© 2017 by IJETT Journal
Volume-49 Number-2
Year of Publication : 2017
Authors : Pankaj Kumar
DOI :  10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V49P220

Citation 

Pankaj Kumar "Interaction of plasma with Graphene Oxide: A review", International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), V49(2),128-136 July 2017. ISSN:2231-5381. www.ijettjournal.org. published by seventh sense research group

Abstract
Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) is a promising two dimensional material which has got the potential of replacing the graphene. The zero band gap of the graphene is itself a big problem which needs to be resolved. The reduced graphene oxide is almost graphene having band gap. Out of a lot methods and techniques of synthesizing the RGO, one is the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) in the presence of plasma. Various plasma techniques for GO reduction, present in the existing literature, have been reviewed here. Ammonia plasma reduction, hydrogen plasma reduction, methane plasma reduction and argon plasma reduction with some more gases is presented in the report. Combination of two gases for plasma creation is also looked upon. Apart from gas plasma, the liquid plasma and plasma plum created by laser are also presented. Some literature reports on nanomaterial composite formation by plasma sintering are also discussed.

 References

[1] P. R. Wallace, “The Band Theory of Graphite,” vol. 71, pp.622-634,1947.
[2] J. M. Raimond, M. Brune, Q. Computation, F. De Martini, and C. Monroe, “Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films,” vol. 306, no. October, pp. 666–670, 2004.
[3] William S. Hummers, Jr., Richard E. Offeman“Preparation of Graphitic Oxide,” vol. 208, pp. 1939, 1958.
[4] H. P. Boehm, “V I Betrachtungen zur Struktur des Graphitoxids,” vol. 236, pp. 327–340, 1969.
[5] J. Wang, M. Zhu, R. A. Outlaw, X. Zhao, D. M. Manos, and B. C. Holloway, “Synthesis of carbon nanosheets by inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition,” vol. 42, pp. 2867–2872, 2004.
[6] Y. Shao, S. Zhang, M. H. Engelhard, G. Li, G. Shao, Y. Wang, J. Liu, I. A. Aksay, and Y. Lin, “Nitrogen-doped graphene and its electrochemical applications,” vol. 20, pp. 7491–7496, 2010.
[7] Y. C. Lin, C. Y. Lin, and P. W. Chiu, “Controllable graphene N-doping with ammonia plasma,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 96, no. 133110(1-3), 2010.
[8] I. Childres, L. A. Jauregui, J. Tian, and Y. P. Chen, “Effect of oxygen plasma etching on graphene studied using Raman spectroscopy and electronic transport measurements,” New J. Phys., vol. 13, 2011.
[9] Y. Kim, W. Song, S. Y. Lee, C. Jeon, W. Jung, M. Kim, and C. Y. Park, “Low-temperature synthesis of graphene on nickel foil by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 98, no. 26, pp. 96–99, 2011.
[10] A. Nourbakhsh, M. Cantoro, T. Vosch, G. Pourtois, F. Clemente, M. H. van der Veen, J. Hofkens, M. M. Heyns, S. De Gendt, and B. F. Sels, “Bandgap opening in oxygen plasma-treated graphene,” Nanotechnology, vol. 21, no. 43, p. 435203, 2010.
[11] R. Kolesov and J. Pflaum, “Fluorescence of laser created electron-hole plasma in graphene,” pp. 1–5.
[12] A. Lombardo, K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, “Making Graphene Luminescent by Oxygen Plasma Treatment,” vol. 3, no. 12, pp. 3963–3968, 2009.
[13] R. Imran Jafri, N. Rajalakshmi, and S. Ramaprabhu, “Nitrogen doped graphene nanoplatelets as catalyst support for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cell,” J. Mater. Chem., vol. 20, no. 34, p. 7114, 2010.
[14] A. Dato, V. Radmilovic, Z. Lee, J. Phillips, and M. Frenklach, “Substrate-Free Gas-Phase Synthesis of Graphene Sheets 2008,” Nano Lett., vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 2012–2016, 2008.
[15] G. Singh, V. D. Botcha, D. S. Sutar, P. K. Narayanam, S. S. Talwar, R. S. Srinivasa, and S. S. Major, “Near room temperature reduction of graphene oxide Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers by hydrogen plasma,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 16, no. 23, p. 11708, 2014.
[16] J. Kosina, A. Yong, S. Eng, Z. Sofer, and M. Pumera, “Highly Hydrogenated Graphene through Microwave Exfoliation of Graphite Oxide in Hydrogen Plasma : Towards Electrochemical Applications,” pp. 15583–15592, 2013.
[17] M. Kim, Y. H. Kahng, Y. J. Kim, T. Prem, K. Park, K. Lee, M. Kim, Y. H. Kahng, J. Kim, and T. Prem, “Optical endpoint detection for plasma reduction of graphene oxide Optical endpoint detection for plasma reduction of graphene oxide,” vol. 32121, 2013.
[18] R. S. Sundaram, C. Gómez-Navarro, K. Balasubramanian, M. Burghard, and K. Kern, “Electrochemical modification of grapheme,” Adv. Mater., vol. 20, no. 16, pp. 3050–3053, 2008.
[19] Q. Wang, J. Li, Y. Song, and X. Wang, “Facile synthesis of high-quality plasma-reduced graphene oxide with ultrahigh 4,4?-dichlorobiphenyl adsorption capacity,” Chem. - An Asian J., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 225–231, 2013.
[20] C. Go, R. T. Weitz, A. M. Bittner, M. Scolari, A. Mews, M. Burghard, and K. Kern, “Electronic Transport Properties of Individual Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets,” pp. 0–4, 2007.
[21] S. W. Lee, C. Mattevi, M. Chhowalla, and R. M. Sankaran, “Supplementary Information Plasma-assisted reduction of graphene oxide at low temperature and atmospheric pressure for flexible conductor applications,” 2012.
[22] C. Gómez-navarro, M. Burghard, and K. Kern, “Elastic Properties of Chemically Derived Single Graphene Sheets 2008,” no. Figure 1, pp. 2–6, 2008.
[23] S. Muhammad, R. Ritikos, T. James, N. Razib, D. Chia, S. Bien, N. Chanlek, H. Nakajima, T. Saisopa, P. Songsiriritthigul, N. Ming, and S. Abdul, “Sensors and Actuators B : Chemical A practical carbon dioxide gas sensor using room-temperature hydrogen plasma reduced graphene oxide,” vol. 193, pp. 692–700, 2014.
[24] Y. Ma, S. Fang, Q. Wang, Y. Ma, S. Fang, and Q. Wang, “The tunable plasma synthesis of Pt-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites The tunable plasma synthesis of Pt-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites,” vol. 65118, 2017.
[25] G. Singh, D. S. Sutar, V. Divakar Botcha, P. K. Narayanam, S. S. Talwar, R. S. Srinivasa, and S. S. Major, “Study of simultaneous reduction and nitrogen doping of graphene oxide Langmuir–Blodgett monolayer sheets by ammonia plasma treatment,” Nanotechnology, vol. 24, no. 35, p. 355704, 2013.
[26] H. Nolan, B. Mendoza-Sanchez, N. Ashok Kumar, N. McEvoy, S. O?Brien, V. Nicolosi, and G. S. Duesberg, “Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide electrodes for electrochemical supercapacitors,” Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 16, no. 6, p. 2280, 2014.
[27] H. T. Kim, C. Kim, and C. Park, “Reduction and nitridation of graphene oxide ( GO ) films at room temperature using inductively coupled NH 3 plasma,” vol. 108, pp. 35–38, 2014.
[28] M. J. Kim, Y. Jeong, S. H. Sohn, S. Y. Lee, Y. J. Kim, K. Lee, Y. H. Kahng, and J. H. Jang, “Fast and low-temperature reduction of graphene oxide films using ammonia plasma,” AIP Adv., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2013.
[29] N. A. Kumar, H. Nolan, N. McEvoy, E. Rezvani, R. L. Doyle, M. E. G. Lyons, and G. S. Duesberg, “Plasma-assisted simultaneous reduction and nitrogen doping of graphene oxide nanosheets,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 1, no. 14, p. 4431, 2013.
[30] Q. Wang, M. Song, C. Chen, W. Hu, and X. Wang, “Plasma synthesis of surface-functionalized graphene-based platinum nanoparticles: Highly active electrocatalysts as electrodes for direct methanol fuel cells,” Chempluschem, vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 432–436, 2012.
[31] M. Cheng, R. Yang, L. Zhang, Z. Shi, W. Yang, D. Wang, G. Xie, D. Shi, and G. Zhang, “Restoration of graphene from graphene oxide by defect repair,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 2581–2587, 2012.
[32] M. Baraket, S. G. Walton, Z. Wei, E. H. Lock, J. T. Robinson, and P. Sheehan, “Reduction of graphene oxide by electron beam generated plasmas produced in methane/argon mixtures,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 3382–3390, 2010.
[33] Z. Wu, K. Parvez, X. Feng, and K. Müllen, “Graphene-based in-plane micro-supercapacitors with high power and energy densities,” Nat. Commun., vol. 4, 2013.
[34] M. Cardinali, L. Valentini, P. Fabbri, and J. M. Kenny, “Radiofrequency plasma assisted exfoliation and reduction of large-area graphene oxide platelets produced by a mechanical transfer process,” vol. 508, pp. 285–288, 2011.
[35] Z. Bo, J. Qian, Z. J. Han, L. Duan, and K. Qiu, “Note : Rapid reduction of graphene oxide paper by glow discharge plasma Note : Rapid reduction of graphene oxide paper by glow discharge plasma,” vol. 56101, no. 2015, pp. 2013–2016, 2016.
[36] Q. Wang, X. Zuo, and X. K. Wang, “Preparation of graphene supported Pt nanoparticles by a plasma approach and their application for methanol electro-oxidation: a comparison with chemical reduction,” Dalt. Trans., vol. 43, no. 34, pp. 12961–12966, 2014.
[37] V. D. Dao, S. H. Jung, J. S. Kim, Q. C. Tran, S. A. Chong, L. L. Larina, and H. S. Choi, “AuNP/graphene nanohybrid prepared by dry plasma reduction as a low-cost counter electrode material for dye-sensitized solar cells,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 156, pp. 138–146, 2015.
[38] Y. Yu, Y. Li, Y. Pan, and C. Liu, “Fabrication of palladium / graphene oxide composite by plasma reduction at room temperature,” vol. 27, pp. 2–5, 2012.
[39] U. G. Alpes and U. A. De Barcelona, “Resistive switching behavior of graphene oxide films in symmetric metal-insulator-metal structures,” pp. 7–10, 2017.
[40] C. Yang, F. Kuok, C. Liao, T. Wan, C. Chen, C. Hsu, I. Cheng, and J. Chen, “Flexible reduced graphene oxide supercapacitor fabricated using a nitrogen dc-pulse atmospheric- pressure plasma jet,” no. February, pp. 5–7, 2017.
[41] Chi-Hsien Huang,Yin-Yin Wang, Tsung-Han Lu and Yen-Cheng Li, “Flexible Transparent Electrode of Hybrid AgNanowire/Reduced-Graphene-Oxide Thin Film on PETSubstrate Prepared Using H2/Ar Low-Damage Plasma,”vol 9(1), no. January, pp. 28, 2017.
[42] M. Chae, J. Kim, D. Jeong, Y. Kim, J. Hoon, S. Min, Y. Heo, J. Yoon, J. Hoon, and D. Sung, “Biosensors and Bioelectronics Enhancing surface functionality of reduced graphene oxide biosensors by oxygen plasma treatment for Alzheimer â€TM s disease diagnosis,” vol. 92, no. October 2016, pp. 610–617, 2017.
[43] Y. Peng and D. Huang, “Applied Surface Science Fabrication of patterned reduced graphene oxide nanosheet field-emission cathodic film at room-temperature,” vol. 283, pp. 81–86, 2013.
[44] P. J. Jesuraj, R. Parameshwari, K. Kanthasamy, J. Koch, H. Pfnür, and K. Jeganathan, “Applied Surface Science Hole injection enhancement in organic light emitting devices using plasma treated graphene oxide,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 397, pp. 144–151, 2017.
[45] J. Li, C. Chen, J. Wei, J. Li, and X. Wang, “Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Reduced Graphene Oxides by H 2 / Ar Plasma Treatment,” 2014.
[46] C. Ramírez, S. M. Vega-Diaz, A. Morelos-Gómez, F. M. Figueiredo, M. Terrones, M. I. Osendi, M. Belmonte, and P. Miranzo, “Synthesis of conducting graphene/Si3N4 composites by spark plasma sintering,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 57, pp. 425–432, 2013.
[47] K. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Fan, J. Yan, and T. Wei, “Preparation of graphene nanosheet/alumina composites by spark plasma sintering,” Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 315–318, 2011.
[48] H. Porwal, S. Grasso, M. Kumar, and M. J. Reece, “In situ reduction of graphene oxide nanoplatelet during spark plasma sintering of a silica matrix composite,” vol. 34, pp. 3357–3364, 2014.
[49] Z. Li, N. W. Khun, X. Tang, E. Liu, and K. Aik, “Mechanical , tribological and biological properties of novel 45S5 Bioglass s composites reinforced with in situ reduced graphene oxide,” vol. 65, pp. 77–89, 2017.
[50] G. Lu, S. Mao, S. Park, R. S. Ruoff, and J. Chen, “Facile, noncovalent decoration of graphene oxide sheets with nanocrystals,” Nano Res., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 192–200, 2009.
[51] D. A. Sokolov, K. R. Shepperd, and T. M. Orlando, “Formation of graphene features from direct laser-induced reduction of graphite oxide,” J. Phys. Chem. Lett., vol. 1, no. 18, pp. 2633–2636, 2010.
[52] J. Senthilnathan, Y.-F. Liu, K. S. Rao, and M. Yoshimura, “Submerged Liquid Plasma for the Synchronized Reduction and Functionalization of Graphene Oxide,” Sci. Rep., vol. 4, no. c, pp. 1–7, 2014.
[53] H.-W. Liu, S. Liang, T.-J. Wu, H. Chang, P.-K. Kao, C.-C. Hsu, J.-Z. Chen, P.-T. Chou, and I. Cheng, “Rapid Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Processed Reduced Graphene Oxide Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 6, no. July, pp. 15105–12, 2014.
[54] G. Jayalakshmi, K. Saravanan, T. Arun, K. Suresh, and B. Sundaravel, “Structure and electron fi eld emission properties of ion beam reduced graphene oxide sheets,” vol. 119, pp. 172–178, 2017.
[55] A. V Eletskii, I. M. Iskandarova, A. A. Knizhnik, M. A. Buccheri, D. D. Angelo, S. Scalese, M. Bodik, A. Zahoranova, M. Micusik, and N. Bugarova, “Fast low-temperature plasma reduction of monolayer graphene oxide at atmospheric pressure.”
[56] S. W. Lee, C. Mattevi, M. Chhowalla, and R. M. Sankaran, “Plasma-Assisted Reduction of Graphene Oxide at Low Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure for Flexible Conductor Applications,” 2012.
[57] T. H. Han, Y. Huang, A. T. L. Tan, V. P. Dravid, and J. Huang, “Steam Etched Porous Graphene Oxide Network for Chemical Sensing Steam Etched Porous Graphene Oxide Network for Chemical Sensing,” no. September, pp. 15264–15267, 2011.
[58] H. Porwal, S. Grasso, M. K. Mani, and M. J. Reece, “In situ reduction of graphene oxide nanoplatelet during spark plasma sintering of a silica matrix composite,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 34, no. 14, pp. 3357–3364, 2014.
[59] L. Zhang, Y. Ye, D. Cheng, W. Zhang, H. Pan, and J. Zhu, “Simultaneous reduction and N-doping of graphene oxides by low-energy N 2 + ion sputtering,” vol. 2, pp. 0–8, 2013.
[60] B. Lee, M. Young, S. Hwan, and K. T. Kim, “Simultaneous strengthening and toughening of reduced graphene oxide / alumina composites fabricated by molecular-level mixing process,” vol. 8, 2014.
[61] X. Zhang, K. Wu, M. He, Z. Ye, S. Tang, and Z. Jiang, “Facile synthesis and characterization of reduced graphene oxide / copper composites using freeze-drying and spark plasma sintering,” vol. 166, pp. 67–70, 2016.
[62] Y. Wei, X. Zuo, X. Li, S. Song, L. Chen, J. Shen, Y. Meng, Y. Zhao, and S. Fang, “Dry plasma synthesis of graphene oxide – Ag nanocomposites : A simple and green approach,” vol. 53, pp. 145–150, 2014.
[63] Y. Yu, B. H. Kang, Y. D. Lee, S. Bin Lee, and B. Ju, “Applied Surface Science Effect of fluorine plasma treatment with chemically reduced graphene oxide thin films as hole transport layer in organic solar cells,” vol. 287, pp. 91–96, 2013.
[64] I. Bert, Y. Gao, J. Chen, X. Shi, S. Qi, and H. Dong, “Reducing and multiple-element doping of graphene oxide using active screen plasma treatments,” vol. 95, pp. 338–346, 2015.
[65] J. Li, C. Chen, K. Zhu, and X. Wang, “Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers Nanoscale zero-valent iron particles modified on reduced graphene oxides using a plasma technique for Cd ( II ) removal,” vol. 59, pp. 389–394, 2016.
[66] F. Kuok, C. Liao, T. Wan, P. Yeh, I. Cheng, and J. Chen, “Atmospheric pressure plasma jet processed reduced graphene oxides for supercapacitor application,” vol. 692, no. 1, pp. 558–562, 2017.
[67] D. Zhu, H. Pu, P. Lv, Z. Zhu, C. Yang, R. Zheng, Z. Wang, C. Liu, E. Hu, J. Zheng, K. Yu, W. Wei, L. Chen, and J. Chen, “Healing of reduced graphene oxide with methane þ hydrogen plasma,” vol. 120, pp. 274–280, 2017.
[68] S. Qin and Q. Xu, “Room temperature ferromagnetism in N 2 plasma treated graphene oxide,” vol. 692, pp. 332–338, 2017.
[69] B. Lesiak, L. Stobinski, A. Malolepszy, M. Mazurkiewicz, L. Kövér, and J. Tóth, “Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Preparation of graphene oxide and characterisation using electron spectroscopy,” vol. 193, pp. 92–99, 2014.
[70] L. J. Cote, J. Kim, V. C. Tung, J. Luo, F. Kim, and J. Huang, “Graphene oxide as surfactant sheets *,” vol. 83, no. 1, pp. 95–110, 2011.
[71] V. D. Botcha, P. K. Narayanam, G. Singh, S. S. Talwar, R. S. Srinivasa, and S. S. Major, “Effect of Substrate and Subphase Conditions on the Surface Morphology of Graphene Oxide Sheets Prepared by ...,” Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 452, no. April, pp. 65–72, 2014.
[72] V. D. Botcha, P. K. Narayanam, G. Singh, S. S. Talwar, R. S. Srinivasa, and S. S. Major, “A „ modified ? Langmuir – Blodgett technique for transfer of graphene oxide monolayer sheets on solid substrates,” vol. 3, 035002, no. February, 2016.
[73] A. M. R. Fath, E. Bab, S. Sayed, and A. A. El-moneim, “High Performance Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor based on Graphene High Performance Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor based on Graphene,”International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT),ISSN- 2278-0181,vol. 4 Issue 06, June-2015

Keywords
Graphene Oxide (GO), Reduced Graphene Oxide(RGO).