Experimental Study and Analysis of Friction Stir Welding on Az-91Mg Alloy by using SEM

Experimental Study and Analysis of Friction Stir Welding on Az-91Mg Alloy by using SEM
  IJETT-book-cover           
  
© 2022 by IJETT Journal
Volume-70 Issue-10
Year of Publication : 2022
Authors : M. Yugandhar, B. Prabhakar Kammar, S. Nallusamy
DOI : 10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I10P213

How to Cite?

M. Yugandhar, B. Prabhakar Kammar, S. Nallusamy, "Experimental Study and Analysis of Friction Stir Welding on Az-91Mg Alloy by using SEM," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 111-123, 2022. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I10P213

Abstract
Due to the extremely reactive nature of Magnesium (Mg) alloys, fusion welding is complicated. In the presence of oxygen, magnesium quickly oxidized. As a result, solid-state fusion welding procedures are the ideal approaches for welding Mg alloys. In this research, AZ-91 Mg alloy sheets were bonded by Friction Stir Welding (FSW), and the joint quality was tested using microstructural investigations and microhardness measures. According to the findings, the joint was defect-free, and the size of the huge intermetallic that emerged in the base alloy was reduced. These findings point to Al dissolution in an Mg matrix. Micro hardness tests demonstrate the enhanced hardness in the weld zone caused by the FSW. The purpose of this article was to provide the findings of the butt joint quality of FSW samples of MgAlZn group alloys. Welding was done using the FSW tool at speeds ranging from 140 mm/min to 355mm/min. There is no porosity or cracking in the stir zone or its surroundings. As a result of the high grain refinement and enhanced precipitations at the grain boundaries, microhardness in the stir zone increased for all welds compared to the base metals. Metal plastic characteristics are likely to decline in certain locations. The findings indicate a substantial link between joint characteristics and welding conditions.

Keywords
Magnesium alloys, Friction stir welding, AZ9, Microstructure, Tensile examination, SEM.

Reference
[1] S. Nallusamy et al., “Analysis of Welding Properties in FSW Aluminium 6351 Alloy Plates Added with Silicon Carbide Particles,” International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa, vol. 21, pp. 110-117, 2016.
[2] B. L. Mordike and T. Ebert, “Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 302, pp. 37-45, 2001.
[3] H. E. Fridrich and B. L. Mordike, “Magnesium Technology,” Springer, Germany, 2006.
[4] F. Czerwinski and F. Czerwinski, “Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys, Magnesium Alloys – Design,” Processing and Properties, Croatia, 2011.
[5] R.S. Mishra, Z.Y. Ma, “Friction Stir Welding and Processing,” Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, vol. 50, no. 1-2, pp. 1-78, 2005.
[6] R. S. Mishra, P. S. De and N. Kumar, “Friction Stir Welding and Processing,” Science and Engineering, 2014. Doi: 10.1007/978- 3-319-07043-8_2.
[7] A. C. Somasekharan, L. E. Murr, “Microstructures in Friction-Stir Welded Dissimilar Magnesium Alloys and Magnesium Alloys to 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy,” Materials Characterization, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 49-64, 2004.
[8] C.Y. Lee, W.B. Lee, Y.M. Yeon and S.B. Jung, “Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Formed Mg Alloys (AZ31/AZ-91),” Materials Science Forum, vol. 486-487, pp. 249-252, 2005.
[9] “ASTM Standard, E8/E8M-11, Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2009. Doi: 10.1520/E0008_E0008M-11.
[10] R. W. Messler, “Principles of Welding: Processes, Physics, Chemistry and Metallurgy,” Wiley India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2004.
[11] R. S. Parmar, “Welding Engineering and Technology,” Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2010.
[12] B. Ratna Sunil, G. Pradeep Kumar Reddy, A. S. N. Mounika, P. Navya Sree, P. Rama Pinneswari, I. Ambica, R. Ajay Babu and P. Amarnadh, “Joining of AZ31 and AZ-91 Mg Alloys by Friction Stir Welding,” Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, vol. 3, pp. 330- 334, 2015.
[13] Prakash Kumar Sahu and Sukhomay Pal, “Multi Response Optimization of Process Parameters in Friction Stir Welded AM20 Mg Alloy by Taguchi Grey Relational Analysis,” Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, vol. 3, pp. 36-46, 2015.
[14] V. Jaiganseh and P. Sevvel, “Effect of Process Parameters on Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of AZ80A Mg Alloy During Friction Stir Welding,” The Indian Institute of Metals, vol. 68, pp. S99-S104, 2015.
[15] Bhukya Srinivasa Naik et al., “Residual Stresses and Tensile Properties of Friction Stir Welded AZ31B-H24 Mg Alloy in Lap Configuration,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, vol. 46, pp. 1626-1637, 2015.
[16] S. Mironov et al., “Microstructure Evolution during Friction Stir Welding of AZ31 Mg Alloy,” Acta Materialia, vol. 9, pp. 301- 312, 2015.
[17] P. Sevvel and V. Jaiganesh, “Characterization of Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Analysis of Friction Stir Welded AZ31B Mg Alloy through Optimized Process Parameters,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 97, pp. 741-751, 2014.
[18] B. S. Naik, and D. L. Chen, “Texture Development in a Friction Stir Lap Welded AZ1B Mg Alloy,” The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 4333-4349, 2014.
[19] Yong zhao et al., “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded MG2Nd- 0.3Zn-0.4Zr Mg Alloy,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 23, pp. 4136-4142, 2014.
[20] S. Ugender and A. Kumar, “Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ31B Mg Alloy by Friction Stir Welding,” Procedia Material Science, vol. 6, pp. 1600-1609, 2014.
[21] Inderjeet Singh and Gurmeet Singh Cheema, “An Experimental Approach to Study the Effect of Welding Parameters on Similar Friction Stir Welded Joints of AZ31B-O Mg,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 837-846, 2014.
[22] S. Rajakumar and A. Razalrose, “Friction Stir Welding of AZ61A Mg Alloy,” Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 68, pp. 277-292, 2013.
[23] S. H. Chowdhury et al., “Friction Stir Welded AZ31 Mg alloy, Microstructure, Texture and Tensile Properties,” The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, vol. 44, pp. 323-336, 2012.
[24] A. Razal Rose and K. Manisekar, “Influences of Welding Speed on Tensile Properties of Friction Stir Welded AZ61A Mg alloy,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 21, pp. 257-265, 2011.
[25] K. L. Harikrishna et al., “Friction Stir Welding of Mg Alloy ZM21,” Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, vol. 63, pp. 807-811, 2010.
[26] Raju Kamminana, Venkatasubbaiah Kambagowni, “Modeling and Optimization of Process Parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Al-Li Alloy AA2050 by Response Surface Methodology,” SSRG International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 208-227, 2021. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V69I5P228
[27] R. S. Pishevar et al., “Influences of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of AA5456 (Almg5) at Different Lap Joint Thicknesses,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 24, pp. 3835-3844, 2015.
[28] Nallusamy, S., Karthikeyan, A., “Synthesis and Wear Characterization of Reinforced Glass Fiber Polymer Composites with Epoxy Resin Using Granite Powder,” Journal of Nano Research, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2017.
[29] A. Kouadrihenni et al., “Mechanical Properties, Microstructure and Crystallographic Texture of Magnesium AZ-91-D Alloy Welded by Friction Stir Welding,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, vol. 45A, pp. 85-92, 2014.
[30] P. Sevvel et al., “Characterization of Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Analysis of Friction Stir Welded AZ31B Mg Alloy through Optimized Process Parameters,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 97, no. 741-751, 2014.
[31] J. Yang and D. R. Ni, “Strain Controlled Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Friction Stir Welded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, vol. 45A, pp. 90-99, 2013.
[32] J. Yang et al., “Effects of Rotation Rates on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of Friction Stir Welded AZ31 Magnesium Alloy,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, vol. 44A, pp. 101-109, 2012.
[33] Lechoslaw Tuz et al., “Friction Stir Welding of AZ-91 and AM Lite Magnesium Alloys,” Welding International, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 265-267, 2013.
[34] Nallusamy, S., “A Review on the Effects of Casting Quality, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Al-Si-0.3Mg Alloy,” International Journal of Performability Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 143-154, 2016.
[35] Kazuhiro Nakata, “Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys,” Welding International, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 328-332, 2009.
[36] B. Ratna Sunil et al., “Joining of AZ31 and AZ-91 Mg Alloys by Friction Stir Welding,” Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 330-334, 2015.
[37] Juan chen et al., “Double Sided Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloy with Concave Convex Tools for Texture Control,” Materials and Design, vol. 76, pp. 1-10, 2015.
[38] H. M. Rao et al., “Friction Stir Spot Welding of Rare Earth Containing ZEK 100 Magnesium Alloy,” Materials and Design, vol. 56, pp. 1-14, 2015.
[39] A. Dorbane et al., “Mechanical Microstructural and Fracture Properties of Dissimilar Welds Produced by Friction Stir Welding of AZ31B and Al6061,” Material Science and Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 62-70, 2015.
[40] R. Z. Xu et al., “Pinless Friction Stir Spot Welding of Mg-3Al-1Zn Alloy with Interlayer,” Journal of Material Science and Technology, vol. 18, pp. 52-62, 2015.
[41] Nallusamy, S., “Thermal Conductivity Analysis and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanofluids through Different Techniques,” Journal of Nano Research, vol. 40, pp. 102-112, 2015.
[42] S. Malopheyev et al., “Friction Stir Welding of Ultra Fine Grained Sheets of Al-Mg-Sc-Zr Alloy,” Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 624, pp. 132-139, 2015.
[43] H. M. Rao et al., “Effect of Process Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviors of Friction Stir Linear Welded Aluminium to Magnesium,” Material Science and Engineering, vol. 651, pp. 27-36, 2015.
[44] Banglong Fu et. al., “Friction Stir Welding Process of Dissimilar Metals of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy to AZ31B Mg Alloy,” Journal of Material Processing Technology, vol. 218, pp. 38-47, 2015.
[45] Santhosh V, Natarajan U, "Evaluation of Temperature Distribution of Solid State Welded AA6061Alloy," SSRG International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 13-16, 2019. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23488360/IJME-V6I2P103
[46] M. M. Avedesian and H. Baker, “ASM Specialty Handbook, Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys,” ASM International, USA, 1999.
[47] G. Padmanabhan and V. Balasubramanian, “An Experimental Investigation on Friction Stir Welding of AZ31B Mg Alloy,” Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 49, pp. 111-121, 2009.