A Broadband Equivalent Model of On-Chip Spiral Inductors using Differential Evolution Algorithm

A Broadband Equivalent Model of On-Chip Spiral Inductors using Differential Evolution Algorithm
  IJETT-book-cover           
  
© 2022 by IJETT Journal
Volume-70 Issue-2
Year of Publication : 2022
Authors : Vrinda. K, Dhanesh G. Kurup
DOI :  10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I2P228

How to Cite?

Vrinda. K, Dhanesh G. Kurup, "A Broadband Equivalent Model of On-Chip Spiral Inductors using Differential Evolution Algorithm," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 249-253, 2022. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I2P228

Abstract
The article presents robust broadband lumped equivalent model for an on-chip spiral inductor which is an integral part of RF front end blocks. The frequency-independent model generation involves two steps- rational function modelling from two-port Scattering (S) parameters of the spiral inductor and a circuit extraction technique. The paper proposes a population-based Differential Evolution Algorithm for the rational function modelling of the inductor. Applying the Differential Evolution Algorithm ensures a more generalized and flexible model consisting of poles and residues. The nature of the poles and residues is determined by introducing a random floating-point vector, Sk, and is a unique contribution of this work. The proposed algorithm also eliminates the initial poles calculation step in the conventional modelling algorithms and makes the performance insensitive to the initial poles. Further, the paper illustrates an efficient circuit extraction methodology for generating a SPICE-compatible equivalent circuit from the identified poles and residues of the inductor. The equivalent model obtained in this work accurately predicts the initial increase and the eventual decrease in the series resistance due to skin/proximity effects and substrate coupling, respectively.

Keywords
Differential Evolution Algorithm, Circuit, Spiral inductor, Rational function model, Skin/ proximity effect.

Reference
[1] Kanti Prasad, Abdul Syed, RF-Microwave Double-Balanced Diode Mixers as Up-Converter MMIC module in RF Front End Transmitter Section for 5G Communications, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering. 8(7) (2021) 1-10.
[2] Nitesh Gaikwad, Shiyamala. S. Design and Development of Microarchitecture for Dynamic IoT Communication, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT). 69(11) (2021) 1-8.
[3] R. Achar, Modeling of High-Speed Interconnects for Signal Integrity, IEEE Microwave Magazine. 7(1) (2008) 61-74.
[4] S. Lefteriu and Stefano Grivet-Talocia, Topological Fitting: broadband modelling of passive components via augmented equivalent circuit model, IFAC-Papers Online, Elsevier. 51(2) (2018) 451-56.
[5] Praggya Agnihotry, R. P. Agarwal, Graphene-Based Planar VLSI Interconnects, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT). 22(6) (2015)253-254.
[6] J. L. Herring, P. Naylor and C. Hristopoulos, Transmission-line Interconnect Models, IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging. 30(7) (2007) 795-807.
[7] Akshay Kumar, Amarveer Singh, Ekambir Sidhu, Equivalent Circuit Modelling of Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) Using Parallel LCR Circuits, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT). 25(4) (2015) 183-185.
[8] S. G. Talocia and R. Trinchero, Behavioral, Parameterized, and Broadband Modeling of Wired Interconnect with Internal Discontinuities, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 60(1) (2017) 77-85.
[9] J. E. Schutt-Aine et al., Comparative Study of Convolution and Order Reduction Techniques for Blackbox Macro modelling Using Scattering Parameters, IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology. 1(10) (2001) 1642-50.
[10] Ansoft, User`s Guide-High Frequency Structure Simulation Reference Manual. (2005).
[11] Cadence Design Systems, PSPICE User`s guide. Second Edition. (2000).
[12] Sharad Kapur and David. E. Long, Modeling of integrated RF passive devices, IEEE Custom Integrated Circuit Conference. (2010) 1-8.
[13] M. Dhamodaran et al., On-Chip Spiral Inductors and On-Chip Spiral Transistors for Accurate Numerical Modeling, Journal of Magnetics. 23(1) (2018) 50-54.
[14] Niranjan A. Talwalkar et al., Analysis and Synthesis of On-Chip Spiral Inductors, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 52(2) (2005) 176-182.
[15] S. S. Mohan et al., Simple, accurate expressions for planar spiral inductances, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 34(10) (1999) 1419-24.
[16] A. M. Niknejad, R. Gharpurey, and R. G. Meyer, Numerically stable Greens Function for modelling and analysis of substrate coupling in integrated circuits, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design Integrated Circuits Systems. 17(4) (1998) 305-15.
[17] F. W. Grover, Inductance Calculations: Working Formulas and Tables, Courier Corporation. (2004).
[18] Bo Han et al., Pole-zero analysis and broadband equivalent circuit for on-chip spiral inductors, International Journal of Numericals Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields. 30(7) (2007) 795-807.
[19] X. Huo et al., A physical model for on-chip spiral inductors with accurate substrate modelling, IEEE Transactions on Election Devices. 53(12) (2006) 2942-49.
[20] H. Wang et al., Transfer Function Analysis and Broadband Scalable Model for On-Chip Spiral Inductors, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 51(7) (2011) 1696-1708.
[21] Sathya Sree Jayaraman et al., A Scalable, Broadband, and Physics-Based Model for On-Chip Rectangular Spiral Inductors, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 55(9) (2019) 1-7.
[22] Y. Liang, Y. Wang. Lei Li, Rational modelling of the on-chip inductor by vector fitting, Analog Integrated Circuit and Signal Processing. 65(12) (2015) 253-58.
[23] B. Gustaven and A. Semlyen, Rational Approximation of Frequency Domain Responses by Vector Fitting, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 14 (3) (1999) 1052-61.
[24] Vrinda. K and D. G. Kurup, Performance of Vector Fitting Algorithm Applied to Bandpass and Baseband Systems, Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, Springer. 37(11) (2018) 5143-60.
[25] J. Gil and H. Shin, A Simple Wide-Band On-Chip Inductor Model for Silicon-Based RF ICs, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 51(9) (2003) 2023-28.
[26] R. Storn, System design by constrained adaptation and differential evolution, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation. 3(1) (1999) 22-34.
[27] R. K. Shrivastava, Differential Evolution Technique for Determining Shortest Distance to Voltage Collapse, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT). 53(2) (2017) 80-88.
[28] D. G. Kurup at. al, Synthesis of Uniform Amplitude Unequally Spaced Antenna Arrays Using the Differential Evolution Algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 51(9) (2003) 2210-15.
[29] S. Cheng and C. Hwang, Optimal Approximation of Linear Systems by a Differential Evolution Algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans. 31(6) (2003) 698-706.
[30] G. Antonini, SPICE Equivalent Circuits of Frequency-Domain Responses, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 45(3) (2003) 502-12.