Effect of Temperature on the Self-Healing Efficiency of Bacteria and on that of Fly Ash in Concrete

Effect of Temperature on the Self-Healing Efficiency of Bacteria and on that of Fly Ash in Concrete
  IJETT-book-cover           
  
© 2022 by IJETT Journal
Volume-70 Issue-4
Year of Publication : 2022
Authors : Millicent W. Njau, John Mwero, Zachary Abiero-Gariy, Viviene Matiru
DOI :  10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I4P215

How to Cite?

Millicent W. Njau, John Mwero, Zachary Abiero-Gariy, Viviene Matiru, "Effect of Temperature on the Self-Healing Efficiency of Bacteria and on that of Fly Ash in Concrete," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 174-187, 2022. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V70I4P215

Abstract
Self-healing is a technique used to repair cracks in concrete autogenously or autonomously. Several investigations have been conducted to improve the self-healing efficiency, which will allow for the application of the technique on a larger scale by simulating real conditions. The study aims to investigate the effect of temperature on the efficiency of crack healing. Autonomous self-healing was induced by incorporating Bacillus thuringiensis to the concrete mix as a microbial self-healing agent and calcium nitrate as its nutrient source. Autogenous self-healing concrete was developed using fly ash as a partial cement substitute. The mechanical properties of both concrete mixes were studied, and a comparison was made with those of the control concrete mix. The crack surface was examined for concrete samples cured at different temperatures (25oC to 45oC at intervals of 5oC) to assess the self-healing process. According to the findings, the compressive strength of fly ash concrete samples was improved at 90 days by 3.34%, while the split tensile strength was improved from as early as 7 days by 1.88% to 3.53% at 90 days. The inclusion of the bacteria and its nutrient source improved the split tensile strength of concrete but reduced its compressive strength at 90 days. Both self-healing techniques were accelerated when the concrete specimens were cured at slightly elevated temperatures. The optimum temperature for efficient bacterial self-healing was found to be 40oC. The results show that at 45oC, the healing rates were between 25%-45%, while at 25oC, the healing rates were between 10-30% for concrete samples containing fly ash. For the samples containing the microbial healing agent, a crack 0.6mm wide was completely healed in 18 days when the concrete specimen was cured at 40oC, while larger cracks up to 0.8mm showed up to 40% crack closure in 28 days when exposed to the bacteria`s optimum temperature for calcite precipitation. In conclusion, the self-healing efficiency is increased at slightly elevated temperatures. The results obtained for microbial self-healing suggest that optimal conditions are required for the practical application of this technique; thus, it can be adopted in areas where the atmospheric conditions are close to optimum.

Keywords
Bacillus thuringiensis, Class C fly ash, Compressive strength, Self-healing index, Split tensile strength.

Reference
[1] M. Luo, C. X. Qian, and R. Y. Li, Factors Affecting Crack Repairing Capacity of Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Concrete, Construction and Building Materials. 87 (2015) 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.117.
[2] J. Bashir, I. Kathwari, A. Tiwary, and K. Singh, Bio Concrete-The Self-Healing Concrete, Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 9(1) (2016) 1–5. doi: 10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i47/105252.
[3] M. Abdulkareem, F. Ayeronfe, M. Z. A. Majid, A. R. Abdul, and J. H. J. Kim, Evaluation of Effects of Multi-Varied Atmospheric Curing Conditions on Compressive Strength of Bacterial (Bacillus Subtilis) Cement Mortar, Construction and Building Materials. 218 (2019) 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.119.
[4] (2016). M. B. Arthi and K. Dhaarani, A Study on Strength and Self-Healing Characteristics of Bacterial Concrete, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology. [Online]. Available: http://www.ijettjournal.org
[5] A. A. J. Griño, M. Daly, M. Klarissa, and J. M. C. Ongpeng, Bio-Influenced Self-Healing Mechanism in Concrete and its Testing?: A Review, applied sciences. 10(15) (2020) 5161.
[6] S. N. Priyom, M. Islam, and W. Shumi, The Utilization of Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Concrete, Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum. 7(1) (2021) 97–108. doi: 10.22146/jcef.60216.
[7] M. Rauf, W. Khaliq, R. Arsalan, and I. Ahmed, Comparative Performance of Different Bacteria Immobilized in Natural Fibers for Self-Healing in Concrete, Elsevier. 258 (2020).
[8] R. A. B. Depaa and T. F. Kala, An Experimental Study on Flyash as Self Healing Material, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. 13(8) (2018) 5920–5925.
[9] M. Roig-Flores and P. Serna, Concrete Early-Age Crack Closing by Autogenous Healing, Sustainability (Switzerland). 12(11) (2020). doi: 10.3390/su12114476.
[10] K. A. S. D. Ratnayake and S. M. A. Nanayakkara, Effect of Fly Ash on Self-Healing of Cracks in Concrete, Mercon 2018 - 4th International Multidisciplinary Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference. (2018) 264–269. doi: 10.1109/MERCon.2018.8421952.
[11] K. Tomczak, J. Jakubowski, and ?. Kotwica, Enhanced Autogenous Self-Healing of Cement-Based Composites with Mechanically Activated Fluidized-Bed Combustion Fly Ash, Construction and Building Materials. 300 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124028.
[12] J. Xu and W. Yao, Multiscale Mechanical Quantification of Self-Healing Concrete Incorporating Non-Ureolytic Bacteria-Based Healing Agent, Cement and Concrete Research. 64 (2014) 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.06.003.
[13] X. Sun, L. Miao, L. Wu, C. Wang, and R. Chen, The Method of Repairing Microcracks Based on Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation, Advances in Cement Research. 32(6) (2020) 262–272. doi: 10.1680/jadcr.18.00121.
[14] H. M. Jonkers and E. Schlangen, Development of a Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Concrete, Proc. Int. FIB Symposium. 1 (2008) 425–430. doi: 10.1201/9781439828410.ch72.
[15] T. Qureshi and A.-T. Abir, Self-Healing Concrete and Cementitious Materials, in Advanced Functional Materials. 32 (2020) 137–144. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92349.
[16] (2022). W. H. Chesner, R. J. Collins, M. H. MacKay, and J. Emery, User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction, 2002. [Online]. Available: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/38365
[17] (2010). M. A. Ibrahim, N. Griko, M. Junke, and L. A. Bulla, Bacillus Thuringiensis: A Genomics and Proteomics Perspective, Bioengineered Bugs. [Online]. Available: www.landesbioscience.com
[18] L. Ferrara et al., Experimental Characterization of the Self-Healing Capacity of Cement-Based Materials and its Effects on the Material Performance: A State of the Art Report by COST Action SARCOS WG2, Construction and Building Materials, Elsevier Ltd. 167 (2018) 115–142. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.143.
[19] M. D. A. Thomas, Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete, Portland Cement Association. 24 (2007).
[20] K. Tomczak, J. Jakubowski, and ?. Kotwica, Key Factors Determining the Self-Healing Ability of Cement-Based Composites with Mineral Additives, Materials. 14(15) (2021). doi: 10.3390/ma14154211.
[21] H. Schreiberová, P. Bílý, J. Fládr, K. Šeps, R. Chylík, and T. Trtík, Impact of the Self-Healing Agent Composition on Material Characteristics of Bio-Based Self-Healing Concrete, Case Studies in Construction Materials. 11 (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00250.
[22] M. Luo and C. Qian, Influences of Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Agents on Cementitious Materials Hydration Kinetics and Compressive Strength, Construction and Building Materials. 121 (2016) 659–663. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.075.
[23] G. Skripki?nas, A. Ki?ait?, H. Justnes, and I. Pundien?, Effect of Calcium Nitrate on the Properties of Portland– Limestone Cement-Based Concrete Cured at Low Temperature, Materials. 14(7) (2021). doi: 10.3390/ma14071611.
[24] A. Yoneyama, H. Choi, M. Inoue, J. Kim, M. Lim, and Y. Sudoh, Effect of a Nitrite/Nitrate-Based Accelerator on the Strength Development and Hydrate Formation in Cold-Weather Cementitious Materials. 14(4) (2021) 1–14. doi: 10.3390/ma14041006.
[25] Z. Basaran Bundur, M. J. Kirisits, and R. D. Ferron, Biomineralized Cement-Based Materials: Impact of Inoculating Vegetative Bacterial Cells on Hydration and Strength, Cement and Concrete Research. 67 (2015) 237–245. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.10.002.
[26] V. S. Whiffin, Microbial CaCO 3 Precipitation for the Production of Bio Cement. (2004).
[27] M. Sumer, Compressive Strength and Sulfate Resistance Properties of Concretes Containing Class F and Class C Fly Ashes, Construction and Building Materials. 34 (2012) 531–536. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.023.
[28] E. Tkaczewska, Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar Containing Fine-Grained Fraction of Fly Ashes, Open Journal of Civil Engineering. 3(2) (2013) 54–68. doi: 10.4236/ojce.2013.32a007.
[29] (2012). K. Sivalingam, S. Jayanthi, and D. S. Samson, Mechanical Properties of Concrete Composites with Replacement of Class C Fly Ash And Silica Fume, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. [Online]. Available: http://www.ijser.org
[30] P. Chindasiriphan, H. Yokota, and P. Pimpakan, Effect of Fly Ash and Superabsorbent Polymer on Concrete Self-Healing Ability, Construction and Building Materials. 116975 (2020) 233.
[31] (2015). E. Balasubramanian and D. Suji, Bacterial Concrete: Development of Concrete to Increase the Compressive and SplitTensile Strength Using Bacillus Sphaericus, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281672693
[32] S. H. Abo Sabah et al., The Use of Calcium Lactate to Enhance the Durability and Engineering Properties of Bio Concrete, Sustainability (Switzerland). 13(16) (2021). doi: 10.3390/su13169269.
[33] M. Komljenovi?, Mechanical Strength and Young`s Modulus of Alkali-Activated Cement-Based Binders, in Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars, and Concretes, Elsevier Inc. (2015) 171–215. doi: 10.1533/9781782422884.2.171.
[34] M. Uysal and V. Akyuncu, Durability Performance of Concrete Incorporating Class F and Class C Fly Ashes, Construction and Building Materials. 34 (2012) 170–178. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.075.
[35] B. Park and Y. C. Choi, Prediction of Self-Healing Potential of Cementitious Materials Incorporating Crystalline Admixture by Isothermal Calorimetry, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials. 13(1) (2019). doi: 10.1186/s40069-019-0349-9.
[36] M. Sahmaran, G. Yildirim, and T. K. Erdem, Self-Healing Capability of Cementitious Composites Incorporating Different Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Cement and Concrete Composites. 35(1) (2013) 89–101. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.013.
[37] F. Deschner, B. Lothenbach, F. Winnefeld, and J. Neubauer, Effect of Temperature on the Hydration of Portland Cement Blended with Siliceous Fly Ash, Cement and Concrete Research. 52 (2013) 169–181. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.07.006.
[38] S. Mahmoodi and P. Sadeghian, Self-Healing Concrete: a Review of Recent Research Developments and Existing Research Gaps. (2019).
[39] (2019). V. Laxmi Govindugari, S. Reddy, D. M. 3 Latha, and A. 4 Sandeep Reddy, Effect of Bacillus Subtilis on Concrete with Steel Fibers and Fly Ash, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology. [Online]. Available: http://www.ijettjournal.org
[40] X. Sun, L. Miao, T. Tong, and C. Wang, Study of the Effect of Temperature on Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation, Acta Geotechnica. 14(3) (2019) 627–638. doi: 10.1007/s11440-018-0758-y.
[41] G. Kim, J. Kim, and H. Youn, Effect of Temperature, Ph, and Reaction Duration on Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation, Applied Sciences (Switzerland). 8(8) (2018). doi: 10.3390/app8081277.
[42] V. Wiktor and H. M. Jonkers, Quantification of Crack-Healing in Novel Bacteria-Based Self-Healing Concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites. 33(7) (2011) 763–770. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.03.012.