IJBTT

Chatbots in Healthcare – A Study

Chatbots in Healthcare – A Study
	© 2024 by IJETT Journal
	Volume-72 Issue-7
	Year of Publication : 2024
	Author : Sumaira Idrees, Hemalatha Thanganadar, Wajiha Rehman, Asim Mehmood, Fahad Khan Azeez, Rahama Salman Mohammad
	DOI : 10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V72I7P115

How to Cite?

Sumaira Idrees, Hemalatha Thanganadar, Wajiha Rehman, Asim Mehmood, Fahad Khan Azeez, Rahama Salman Mohammad, "Chatbots in Healthcare – A Study," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 72, no. 7, pp. 137-146, 2024. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V72I7P115

Abstract
Fast-paced and busy lives require immediate solutions, and people want easy and quick responses to queries. A Chatbot is a conversational agent designed using Artificial Intelligence (AI) to chat with people. This software not only understands human conversation but also responds to their questions. Chatbots are designed to generate meaningful responses using AI techniques to understand human natural language and emotions. In recent years, Chatbots have experienced explosive growth in both development and implementation for various healthcare applications. The Chatbot offers advice in return for people’s medical troubles. By taking symptoms as input stated by the patients, a Medical Chatbot can assist in making predictions about various illnesses using the Machine Learning concept. Chatbots have the potential to incorporate with clinical practice and can help in reducing costs, efficient workflow, and enhancing patient outcomes by collaborating with medical professionals. This article covers the definition of a medical Chatbot, types of Chatbots, how a Chatbot works, the use of Chatbots in the healthcare industry, challenges and security risks (vulnerabilities and threats), and security measures associated with Chatbots in healthcare.

Keywords
Chatbot, Machine learning, Artificial Intelligence, Healthcare, Predictions.

References
[1] Xueming Luo et al., “Frontiers: Machines vs. Humans: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Disclosure on Customer Purchases,” Marketing Science, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 937-947, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Rainer Winkler, and Matthias Soellner, “Unleashing the Potential of Chatbots in Education: A State-of-the-Art Analysis,” Proceedings of the 78th Academy of Management Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, pp. 1-40, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Anuj Patil, “Healthcare Chatbot Using Artificial Intelligence,” Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1-7, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Nudtaporn Rosruen, and Taweesak Samanchuen, “Chatbot Utilization for Medical Consultant System,” 2018 3rd Technology Innovation Management and Engineering Science International Conference (TIMES-iCON), Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1-5, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Lekha Athota et al., “Chatbot for Healthcare System using Artificial Intelligence,” 2020 8th International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization (Trends and Future Directions) (ICRITO), Noida, India, pp. 619-622, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Tom Nadarzynski et al., “Acceptability of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Led Chatbot Services in Healthcare: A Mixed-Methods Study,” Digital Health, vol. 5, pp. 1-12, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Kyungyong Chung, and Roy C. Park, “Chatbot-based Healthcare Service with a Knowledge Base for Cloud Computing,” Cluster Computing, vol. 22, pp. 1925-1937, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Inseok Hwang et al., “Towards Interpersonal Assistants: Next-Generation Conversational Agents,” IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 21-31, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Ayah Atiyah, Shaidah Jusoh, and Sufyan Almajali, “An Efficient Search for Context-Based Chatbots,” 2018 8th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT), Amman, Jordan, pp. 125-130, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Naveen, Medical Chatbot: An Ultimate Guide on Medical Chatbot, Kommunicate, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.kommunicate.io/blog/all-about-medical-chatbot/
[11] What is a Neural Network?, IBM. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/topics/neural-networks
[12] M. Sanjay Kumar et al., “Medbot-Medical Diagnosis System Using Artificial Intelligence,” EAI Endorsed Transactions on Smart Cities, vol. 6, no. 17, pp. 1-5, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Lu Xu et al., “Chatbot for Health Care and Oncology Applications Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Systematic Review,” JMIR Cancer, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1-18, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Jasmine M. Noble et al., “Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating an Artificial Intelligence–Guided Mental Health Resource Navigation Chatbot for Health Care Workers and Their Families During and Following the COVID-19 Pandemic: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study,” JMIR Research Protocols, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1-17, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Martien J.P. Van Bussel et al., “Analyzing the Determinants to Accept a Virtual Assistant and use Cases among Cancer Patients: A Mixed Methods Study,” BMC Health Services Research, vol. 22, pp. 1-23, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] B.R. Kavitha, and Chethana R. Murthy, “Chatbot for Healthcare System using Artificial Intelligence,” International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1304-1307, 2019.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Prathamesh Kandpal et al., “Contextual Chatbot for Healthcare Purposes (Using Deep Learning),” 2020 Fourth World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems, Security and Sustainability (WorldS4), London, UK, pp. 625-634, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Josephine Walwema, “The WHO Health Alert: Communicating a Global Pandemic with WhatsApp,” Journal of Business and Technical Communication, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 35-40, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Lee Wilson, and Mariana Marasoiu, “The Development and Use of Chatbots in Public Health: Scoping Review,” JMIR Human Factors, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1-11, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] WHO Launches a Chatbot on Facebook Messenger to Combat COVID-19 Misinformation, World Health Organization, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-launches-a-chatbot-powered-facebook-messenger-to-combat-covid-19-misinformation
[21] S. Divya et al., “A Self-Diagnosis Medical Chatbot Using Artificial Intelligence,” Journal of Web Development and Web Designing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2018.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Myroslava Bublyk et al., “Decision Support System Design For Low-Voice Emergency Medical Calls At Smart City Based On Chatbot Management In Social Networks,” Webology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 2135-2178, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Russell Fulmer et al., “Using Psychological Artificial Intelligence (Tess) to Relieve Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial,” JMIR Mental Health, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 1-15, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Romael Haque, and Sabirat Rubya, “An Overview of Chatbot-Based Mobile Mental Health Apps: Insights from App Description and User Reviews,” JMIR mHealth uHealth, vol. 11, pp. 1-18, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Samuel Holmes et al., “Usability Testing of a Healthcare Chatbot: Can we Use Conventional Methods to Assess Conversational User Interfaces?,” Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics, Belfast, United Kingdom, pp. 207-214, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Kathleen Kara Fitzpatrick, Alison Darcy, and Molly Vierhile, “Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults with Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial,” JMIR Mental Health, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1-11, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Gillian Cameron et al., “Assessing the Usability of a Chatbot for Mental Health Care,” Internet Science, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 11551, pp. 121-132, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Moshiur Rahman et al., “Disha: An Implementation of a Machine Learning-based Bangla Healthcare Chatbot,” 2019 22nd International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT), Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 1-6, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Shinichiro Suganuma, Daisuke Sakamoto, and Haruhiko Shimoyama, “An Embodied Conversational Agent for Unguided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Preventative Mental Health: Feasibility and Acceptability Pilot Trial,” JMIR Mental Health, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1-12, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Sven Laumer, Christian Maier, and Fabian Tobias Gubler, “Chatbot Acceptance in Healthcare: Explaining User Adoption of Conversational Agents for Disease Diagnosis,” Association for Information Systems, AIS Electronic Library, pp. 1-19, 2019.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Chin-Yuan Huang et al., “Modeling Consumer Adoption Intention of an AI-Powered Health Chatbot in Taiwan: An Empirical Perspective,” International Journal of Performability Engineering, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 338-349, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Yalan Chen et al., “Prostate Cancer Management with Lifestyle Intervention: From Knowledge Graph to Chatbot,” Clinical and Translational Discovery, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Salman Razzaki et al., “A Comparative Study of Artificial Intelligence and Human Doctors for the Purpose of Triage and Diagnosis,” arXiv, pp. 1-15, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Chin-Yuan Huang et al., “A Chatbot-Supported Smart Wireless Interactive Healthcare System for Weight Control and Health Promotion,” 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 1791-1795, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] Jingquan Li, “Security Implications of AI Chatbots in Health Care,” Journal of Medical Internet Research, vol. 25, pp. 1-7, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Martin Hasal et al., “Chatbots: Security, Privacy, Data Protection, and Social Aspects,” Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, vol. 33, no. 19, pp. 1-13, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] Mina Deng et al., “A Privacy Threat Analysis Framework: Supporting the Elicitation and Fulfillment of Privacy Requirements,” Requirements Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 3-32, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]