AFM and Raman Studies of Chemical Bath Deposited Nickel Sulphide Films
AFM and Raman Studies of Chemical Bath Deposited Nickel Sulphide Films |
||
 |
 |
|
| © 2025 by IJETT Journal | ||
| Volume-73 Issue-2 |
||
| Year of Publication : 2025 | ||
| Author : Ho Soonmin, K. Mohanraj |
||
| DOI : 10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I2P104 | ||
How to Cite?
Ho Soonmin, K. Mohanraj, "AFM and Raman Studies of Chemical Bath Deposited Nickel Sulphide Films," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 73, no. 2, pp. 39-45, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I2P104
Abstract
Nickel sulphide thin films were deposited onto microscope glass substrate through chemical bath deposition method in acidic conditions. In this work, nickel sulphate and sodium thiosulfate were employed as reaction starting materials to produce binary compounds. Different solution concentrations (0.075 M, 0.1 M, and 0.15 M) and deposition times (12 hours and 33 hours) were used to investigate the properties of films for the first time. According to the Atomic Force Microscopy analysis, the best morphology could be observed when the films were prepared using 0.1M of solution, 12 hours and 33 hours, respectively. These films indicated uniform morphology and homogeneous surface if compared to other samples. Based on Raman spectroscopy results, the highest intensity could be recorded for these samples also.
Keywords
Photovoltaic, Renewable energy, Energy efficiency, Thin films, Solar cell applications, Semiconductor materials, Energy consumption.
References
[1] Yanhui Dong et al., “Efficiency Enhancement in CIGS Solar Cells with Ferroelectric BiFeO3 Nanoparticles and Mg0.07Zn0.93O/Mg0.12Zn0.88O Bilayer Window,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 495, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Ahmad Umar et al., “Fabrication and Characterization of CuO Nanoplates Based Sensor Device for Ethanol Gas Sensing Application,” Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 763, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Ammar Qasem et al., “Characterization of Structural, Optical, Sensing, and Electrical Implications of Mn-ion Introducing in MnxSe75-xS25 thin Films for Optoelectronic and Gas Sensor Applications,” Optik, vol. 300, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Alok Kumar et al., “Designing and Simulating of New Highly Efficient Ultra-Thin CIGS Solar Cell Device Structure: Plan to Minimize Cost per Watt Price,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 193, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] S.M. Ho, and I. Hassan, “Lead Free Perovskite Materials for Solar Cell: An Update of Recent Trends,” International Journal of Thin Film Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 283-292, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Gulcin Bolat et al., “Controllable Synthesis of Ag2Se Binary Thin-Film via Electrochemical Atomic Layer Epitaxy (ECALE) and its Characterization,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 318, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Wei-Long Xu et al., “Tin-based Perovskite Films Fabricated by Chemical Vapor Deposition for Photodetector Application,” Chemical Physics, vol. 580, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Igor A. Pronin et al., “Sol-gel Derived ZnO Film as a Gas Sensor: Influence of UV Processing Versus a Thermal Annealing,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 377, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Junaid Saleem et al., “Advancing Spin-Coating Technique for Semi-Crystalline Low-Density Polyethylene Thin Films,” Materials Today Proceedings, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Md. Hasnat Rabbi et al., “Growth of High Quality Polycrystalline InGaO Thin Films by Spray Pyrolysis for Coplanar Thin-Film Transistors on Polyimide Substrate,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 1002, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] T. Nimalan, and M.R. Begam, “Physical and Chemical Methods: A Review on the Analysis of Deposition Parameters of Thin Film Preparation Methods,” International Journal of Thin Films Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 59-66, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] M.A. Vicencio Garrido et al., “Low-cost Chemical Bath Deposition Synthesis of Zinc Oxide/Zinc Sulfide Composite and Zinc Hydrozincite for Methylene Blue Degradation,” Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 164, pp. 1-9, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Erveton P. Pinto et al., “Comparing the Nanoscale Topography and Interface Properties of Chitosan Films Containing Free and Nano-Encapsulated Copaiba Essential Oil: An Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Fractal Geometry Study,” Materials Today Communications, vol. 35, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Hongwei Luo et al., “An AFM-IR Study on Surface Properties of Nano-TiO2 Coated Polyethylene (PE) Thin Film as Influenced by Photocatalytic Aging Process,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 757, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Tram Nhu Hoang Tran et al., “C-AFM Study on Multi - Resistive Switching Modes Observed in Metal-Organic Frameworks Thin Films,” Organic Electronics, vol. 93, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Yongda Yan et al., “Modelling and Experimental Study of Nanoscratching Process on PMMA Thin-Film using AFM Tip-based Nanomachining Approach,” Precision Engineering, vol. 54, pp. 138-148, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Xinshuang Gao et al., “In Situ Differential Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Measurement for Ultra-Thin Thiol SAM Patterns by Area-Selective Deposition Technique” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 46, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Robinson Franco Alvarez, and Maria Cecilia Barbosa da Silveira Salvadori, “Using AFM to Measure the Elastic Modulus of Diamond-Like Carbon thin Films,” Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 145, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Eleonora Bettini et al., “Influence of Metal Carbides on Dissolution Behavior of Biomedical CoCrMo Alloy: SEM, TEM and AFM Studies,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 56, no. 25, pp. 9413-9419, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] S. Das et al., “Temperature Dependent Raman and Photoresponse Studies of Bi2Te3 Thin Films Annealed at Different Temperatures for Improved Optoelectronic Performance,” Materials Advances, vol. 5, pp. 3379-3395, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Fiza Mumtaz et al., “Raman Spectroscopy Study and Dielectric Anomalies in Bi1-xEux AFM FeO3 Thin Films,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 789, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Devesh Kumar Pathak et al., “Raman Area- and Thermal-Mapping Studies of Faceted Nano-Crystalline α-Fe2O3 Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis,” Canadian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 507-511, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Chandra Bhal Singh et al., “Defect Study of Phosphorous Doped a-Si:H Thin Films using Cathodoluminescence, IR and Raman Spectroscopy,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. 605, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Hua Chen et al., “Removal Process of Nickel(II) by using Dodecyl Sulfate Intercalated Calcium Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxide,” Applied Clay Science, vol. 132-133, pp. 419-424, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Jinhua Ou et al., “Fabrication of Nickel-Iron Layered Double Hydroxides using Nickel Plating Wastewater via Electrocoagulation, and its Use for Efficient Dye Removal,” Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 335, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Young Sun Mok, and Heon-Ju Lee, “Removal of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides by using Ozone Injection and Absorption–Reduction Technique,” Fuel Processing Technology, vol. 87, no. 7, pp. 591-597, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Cunhua Ma et al., “Oxidative Desulfurization of a Model Fuel using Ozone Oxidation Generated by Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Combined with Co3O4/γ-Al2O3 Catalysis,” RSC Advances, vol. 5, no. 117, pp. 96945-96052, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] S.D. Sartale, and C.D. Lokhande, “Growth of Copper Sulphide Thin Films by Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) Method,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 63-67, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Samantha Prabath Ratnayake et al., “SILAR Deposition of Metal Oxide Nanostructured Films,” Nano Micro Small, vol. 17, no. 49, pp. 1-32, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Daichi Tonagi, Manabu Hagiwara, and Shinobu Fujihara, “Fabrication of Highly (1 1 1)-Oriented Cu2O Films on Glass Substrates by Repeated Chemical Bath Deposition,” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 551, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] F.T. Munna et al., “Effect of Zinc Doping on the Optoelectronic Properties of Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) Thin Films Deposited by Chemical Bath Deposition by Utilising an Alternative Sulphur Precursor,” Optik, vol. 218, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Raid A. Ismail, Abdul-Majeed E. Al-Samarai, and Faris M. Ahmed, “Optoelectronic Properties of n-Ag2S Nanotubes/p-Si Heterojunction Photodetector Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique: An Effect of Deposition Time,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 21, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Jung-Hoon Yu et al., “The Effect of Ammonia Concentration on the Microstructure and Electrochemical Properties of NiO Nanoflakes Array Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition,” Applied Surface Science, vol. 532, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Myo Zin Tun et al., “Improving Morphology and Optoelectronic Properties of Ultra-Wide Bandgap Perovskite via Cs Tuning for Clear Solar Cell and UV Detection Applications,” Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] Qian Zhao et al., “Improving the Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells with Acetate,” Scientific Reports, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Junaid Younus et al., “Engineering the Optical Properties of Nickel Sulphide Thin Films by Zinc Integration for Photovoltaic Applications,” RSC Advances, vol. 13, no. 39, pp. 27415-27422, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] Jeong-Hyeok Im et al., “Nanowire Perovskite Solar Cell,” Nano Letters, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 2120-2126, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[38] Lingling Zheng et al., “Improved Light Absorption and Charge Transport for Perovskite Solar Cells with Rough Interfaces by Sequential Deposition,” Nanoscale, vol. 6, no. 14, pp. 8171-8176, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[39] Trishala R. Desai et al., “Evaluation of Nanostructured NiS2 Thin Films from a Single-Source Precursor for Flexible Memristive Devices,” ACS Omega, vol. 8, no. 51, pp. 48873-48883, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[40] T. Suzuki et al., “Raman Scattering of NiS2,” Solid State Communications,” vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 847-852, 1977.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[41] Chen Dai et al., “Controllable Synthesis of NiS and NiS2 Nanoplates by Chemical Vapor Deposition,” Nano Research, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 2506-2511, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[42] Jeng-Han Wang et al., “Electronic and Vibrational Properties of Nickel Sulfides from First Principles,” The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 127, no. 21, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[43] N. Abhiram et al., “Structural, Vibrational, Morphological, Optical and Electrical Properties of NiS and Fabrication of SnS/NiS Nanocomposite for Photodetector Applications,” Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 133, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]