IJBTT

Detection of Heavy Metals and Micronutrients from Allium Cepa and Cichorium Intybus

Detection of Heavy Metals and Micronutrients from Allium Cepa and Cichorium Intybus
	© 2025 by IJETT Journal
	Volume-73 Issue-8
	Year of Publication : 2025
	Author : Muhammad Akram, Asbah Shahid, Ho Soonmin
	DOI : 10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I8P124

How to Cite?
Muhammad Akram, Asbah Shahid, Ho Soonmin,"Detection of Heavy Metals and Micronutrients from Allium Cepa and Cichorium Intybus", International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 73, no. 8, pp.273-291, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I8P124

Abstract
Several herbs and plants bear fruit like seeds, which can serve as aromatic substances that can be mixed with food, making it delicious or adding distinctive flavors. They have antioxidants and are anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, and phytochemical compounds. Medicinal plants are being increasingly characterized as a promising therapeutic hotspot for the treatment of various diseases. Heavy metals and micronutrients are essential trace elements of the plant, animal and human species. There is also a unique plant requirement for some of the smaller micronutrients such as iron, copper, zinc, nickel, chloride, boron, manganese and molybdenum. Micronutrients and heavy metals are indispensable for plant survival. The objective of this review is to investigate the existence and effect of micronutrients and heavy metals in two specific selected restorative plants namely Allium cepa and Cichorium intybus one of the most established remedies with multimodal activities have been considered which are used to treat various diseases such as anti-cancer, anti-starvation, anti-microbial and cancer prevention agents, antihepatotoxic, antiseptics allergy, cure for constipation, diabetes and used as antioxidants in five of examples some plant derived dietary agents. Plants were collected from several locations for sample preparation. Sample analysis was carried out using the digestion procedure, the nitric acid procedure, and repeated nitric acid procedures. According to the results, the concentration of heavy metals present in Allium cepa and Cichorium intybus followed the sequence of iron>Manganese>Zinc>Copper>Nickel> Lead>Cadmium.

Keywords
Diabetic Retinopathy, ResNet, DenseNet, CLAHE, Particle Swarm Optimization, Fundus images.

References
[1] Yee Jin Wong et al., “Green Synthesis and Characterization of CuO/ZnO Nanocomposite Using Musa Acuminata Leaf Extract for Cytotoxic Studies on Colorectal Cancer Cells (HCC2998),” Green Processing and Synthesis, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Maira Bhatti et al., “Health Risk Assessment and Heavy Metal Contamination Estimation in Date Palm Fruit Grown in Sindh, Pakistan: Multivariate Study,” Environmental Quality Management, vol. 34, no. 2, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Enrico Nardi et al., “The Importance of Flavor in Leptogenesis,” Journal of High Energy Physics, vol. 2006, no. 1, pp. 1-26, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Robert J. McGorrin, The Significance of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Food Flavors, Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Food, ACS Symposium Series, vol. 1068, pp. 3-31, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] M.M.H. Khan, Hira Khalique, and S. Shams, “Treatment of Public Sewage Wastewater Using Electrocoagulation Process,” International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 119-124, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Jessica Briffa, Emmanuel Sinagra, and Renald Blundell, “Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and their Toxicological Effects on Humans,” Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 1-26, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] An Yan et al., “Phytoremediation: A Promising Approach for Revegetation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Land,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 11, pp. 1-15, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] S. Masood et al., “Antioxidant Potential And Α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Peel and Bulb Extracts,” Brazilian Journal of Biology, vol. 83, pp. 1-9, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Bandar R.M. Alsehli, “Evaluation and Comparison between a Conventional Acid Digestion Method and a Microwave Digestion System for Heavy Metals Determination in Mentha Samples by ICP-MS,” Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 64, no. 2/2, pp. 869-881, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Victor Kueta, Allium Cepa, Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa: Therapeutic Potential Against Metabolic, Inflammatory, Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Academic Press, pp. 353-361, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Shailja Choudhary, Hemlata Kaurav, and Gitika Chaudhary, “Kasani beej (Cichorium intybus): Ayurvedic View, Folk View, Phytochemistry and Modern Therapeutic Uses,” International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 114-125, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] K. Chandra, and K. Jain, “Therapeutic Potential of Cichorium Intybus in Lifestyle Disorders: A Review,” Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 20-25, 2016.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] P.N. Pushparaj et al., “Anti-Diabetic Effects of Cichorium Intybus in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 430-434, 2007.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Ravinder Singh, and Khushminder Kaur Chahal, “Cichorium Intybus L: A Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology,” International Journal of Chemical Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1272-1280, 2018.
[Google Scholar]
[15] Saikat Mitra et al., “Impact of Heavy Metals on the Environment and Human Health: Novel Therapeutic Insights to Counter the Toxicity,” Journal of King Saud University-Science, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1-21, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] B.J. Cisneros, “Safe Sanitation in Low Economic Development Areas,” Treatise on Water Science, vol. 4, pp. 147-200, 2011.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Shreya Kotnala et al., “Impact of Heavy Metal Toxicity on the Human Health and Environment,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 987, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Pradeep Sahu et al., “Assessment of Heavy Metal Ion Toxicity in Wastewater: A Comprehensive Review,” Inorganic Chimica Acta, vol. 585, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Gamal M. Hamad et al., “Biocontrol of Toxicity Heavy Metal Residues in Milk and Dairy Products via a Probiotic Cocktail in Soft Cheese,” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 145, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Tossapol Limcharoensuk et al., “Aqueous Extract of Cissus Quadrangularis L. Alleviates Heavy Metal Toxicity In Saccharomyces Cerevisiae By Limiting Metal Uptake And Enhancing Detoxification Mechanisms,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 299, pp. 1-13, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Aomi Katagiri et al., “Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Overweight/Obesity, In-Utero Exposure to Toxic Heavy Metals, and Offspring Age at Peak Height Velocity: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study,” Environmental Research, vol. 279, pp. 1-44, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] Bitwell Chibuye et al., “Nutrients and Toxic Heavy Metals in Strychnos Cocculoides (Loranthaceae): Implications for Traditional Medicine,” Toxicology Reports, vol. 14, pp. 1-8, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Hind Msellek et al., “Improved Analytical Method for Analysis of Toxic/Heavy Metals in Fish by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES),” Food and Humanity, vol. 4, pp. 1-7, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Lin Zhang et al., “Recent Advances and Perspectives in Functionalized Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Sensing of Toxic Environmental Heavy Metal Ions,” Coordination Chemistry Reviews, vol. 542, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Fatin Hasnat Shihab et al., “B4C4 Nanocluster Ring for Toxic Heavy Metal Ion Adsorption from Wastewater: A DFT Study,” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol. 207, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Mohammed Saeed, and Luai Eldweik, “Toxic Optic Neuropathy from Heavy Metal Exposure: A Comprehensive Review and Case Reports,” AJO International, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Ravneet Kaur, Harleen Kaur, and Ashish Sharma, “Uptake and Toxicity of Heavy Metals: The Protective Frontiers of Metal Binding Proteins,” Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol. 271, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Yungao Cai et al., “Solidification/Stabilization of Copper Tailings by Industrial Solid Waste Based Cementing Materials: Apatite Synergy, Heavy Metal Toxicity and Performance,” Ceramics International, vol. 51, no. 20, pp. 31000-31008, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Xiangyu Song et al., “Study on the Transfer, Transformation and Toxic Leaching of Heavy Metals in Sludge Shale Composite Ceramics from the Perspective of Environmental Protection,” Inorganic Chemistry Communications, vol. 176, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] S. Saisree et al., “Electrochemical Sensors for Monitoring Water Quality: Recent Advances in Graphene Quantum Dot-Based Materials for the Detection of Toxic Heavy Metal Ions Cd(II), Pb(II) and Hg(II) with their Mechanistic Aspects,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 13, no. 3, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Peter Oluwadamilare Olagbaju, and Olanrewaju Bola Wojuola, “Environmental Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals and Natural Radionuclides in Irrigation Water from Rustenburg, South Africa,” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, vol. 136, pp. 1-7, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Nicholas Kim et al., “Epigenetic Toxicity of Heavy Metals - Implications for Embryonic Stem Cells,” Environmental International, vol. 193, pp. 1-14, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Bing Shen et al., “Association Between the Levels of Toxic Heavy Metals and Schizophrenia in the Population of Guangxi, China: A Case-Control Study,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 363, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Nan Xu et al., “Integrated Physio-Biochemistry and RNA-Seq Revealed the Mechanism Underlying Biochar-Mediated Alleviation of Compound Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, As) Toxicity in Cotton,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 284, pp. 1-11, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] Balamurugan Thangamari Vengatesh, Natarajan Chandrasekaran, and Amitava Mukherjee, “Effect of Seasonal Dynamics on Microplastic Pollution and its Vectorization of Heavy Metals: An In-Vitro Toxicity Assessment in Artemia Franciscana,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 209, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Sib Sankar Giri et al., “Probiotics in Addressing Heavy Metal Toxicities in Fish Farming: Current Progress and Perspective,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 282, pp. 1-17, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] Sylwia Borowska, and Malgorzata M. Brzóska, “Metals in Cosmetics: Implications for Human Health,” Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 551-572, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[38] R.A. Street, W.A. Stirk, and J. Van Staden, “South African Traditional Medicinal Plant Trade-Challenges in Regulating Quality, Safety and Efficacy,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 705-710, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[39] A.A.K. Abou-Arab, and M.A. Abou Donia, “Heavy Metals in Egyptian Spices and Medicinal Plants and the Effect of Processing on their Levels,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 2300-2304, 2000.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[40] A.B. Fawehinmi et al., “Determination of Heavy Metal Contamination of Some Commercially Available Herbal Preparations in Nigeria,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 46-54, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[41] Ejeatuluchukwu Obi et al., “Heavy Metal Hazards of Nigerian Herbal Remedies,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 369, no. 1-3, pp. 35-41, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[42] Nazanin Abbaspour, Richard Hurrell, and Roya Kelishadi, “Review on Iron and its Importance for Human Health,” Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 164-174, 2014.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[43] Jean-Francois Briat et al., “New Insights into Ferritin Synthesis and Function Highlight a Link Between Iron Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress in Plants,” Annals of Botany, vol. 105, no. 5, pp. 811-822, 2009.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[44] Ute Krämer, and Stephan Clemens, Functions and Homeostasis of Zinc, Copper, and Nickel in Plants, Molecular Biology of Metal Homeostasis and Detoxification, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 215-271, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[45] Nobuyuki Kawagashira et al., “Multiple Zinc Finger Motifs with Comparison of Plant and Insect,” Genome Informatics, vol. 12, pp. 368-369, 2001.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[46] Ahmed A. Al Mutairi et al., “The Effect of Zinc Fertilisation and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Grain Quality and Yield of Contrasting Barley Cultivars,” Functional Plant Biology, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 122-133, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[47] Mohammed Alsafran et al., “Understanding the Phytoremediation Mechanisms of Potentially Toxic Elements: A Proteomic Overview of Recent Advances,” Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 13, pp. 1-15, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[48] Alaa A. Alsuwayyid et al., “Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Triticum Aestivum L. and Bioaccumulation Assessment Using ICP-MS and SEM Analysis,” Journal of King Saud University-Science, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 1-8, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[49] Parashuram Bhantana et al., “Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and its Major Role in Plant Growth, Zinc Nutrition, Phosphorous Regulation and Phytoremediation,” Symbiosis, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 19-37, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[50] Lupita Borah, and Jumi Saikia, “Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc on Growth and Yield of Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) in Assam Condition,” International Journal of Chemical Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 869-872, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[51] Xinru Xu et al., “A Novel Kaolin Coated with Ferrihydrite-Artificial Humic Acid for the Removal of Lead From Water and Weakly Acid Barren Soil: Preparation, Characterization, Performance and Mechanism,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 13, no. 4, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[52] Diogene Tuyiringire et al., “Ball-Milled Phosphate/Micro Zero-Valent Iron/Biochar for Lead and Cadmium Removal and Stabilization in Water and Soil: Performance, Mechanisms, and Environmental Applications,” Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 362, pp. 1-50, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[53] Deyun Li et al., “Efficient Removal of Lead from Polluted Paddy Soil by One-Pot Synthesized Nano-Fe3O4 Incorporated Stable Lignin Hydrogel,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 496, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[54] Hai Wang et al., “Enhancing Lead Removal from Wastewater and Alleviating Lead Stress in Soil-Wheat Systems Using Starch-Stabilized Fe-Ni/Biochar Composites: Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Investigations,” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 182, pp. 608-624, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[55] Zaid N. Shareef, Yasseen S. Atiya, and Muataz M. Sulaiman, “Enhanced of Electro-Kinetic Technology for Removal of Lead Ions from Silty Clay Contaminated Soil Using EDTA and Multi Anode Electrode,” South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 45, pp. 120-126, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[56] Shahidah Nusailah Rashid et al., “Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Removal of Lead Contaminants in Mangrove Soil,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 10, no. 2, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[57] Ruifeng Zhang et al., “Preparation of Natural Manganese Sand Based Catalytic Ceramic Membrane for Removing Tetracycline from Water: The Performance and Mechanism,” Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 69, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[58] Masoumeh Alijani Galangashi et al., “Removing Iron, Manganese and Ammonium Ions from Water Using Greensand in Fluidized Bed Process,” Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 39, pp. 1-10, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[59] Li-Hua Cheng et al., “Aeration-Manganese Sand Filter-Ultrafiltration to Remove Iron and Manganese from Water: Oxidation Effect and Fouling Behavior of Manganese Sand Coated Film,” Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 38, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[60] Thi Thuc Quyen Nguyen et al., “Removing Arsenate from Water Using Modified Manganese Oxide Ore: Column Adsorption and Waste Management,” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1-25, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[61] Oludoyin Adeseun Adigun et al., “Characterization of Sugarcane Leaf-Biomass and Investigation of its Efficiency in Removing Nickel (II), Chromium (III) and Cobalt (II) Ions from Polluted Water,” Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 20, pp. 1-26, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[62] Marta Tytkowska-Owerko, Lidia Reczek, and Magdalena M. Michel, “Nickel Removal Accompanying Underground Water Purification from Iron and Manganese,” Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 322, pp. 1-6, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[63] Haoyuan Zhou et al., “Removing High Concentration of Nickel (II) Ions from Synthetic Wastewater by an Indigenous Microalgae Consortium with a Revolving Algal Biofilm (RAB) System,” Algal Research, vol. 59, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[64] N. Supraja, and Subramanian Karpagam, “Crown Ether Embedded PVDF Adsorbent for Selective Trapping of Copper and Silver Ion from Water Samples,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[65] Dhirar Ben Salem et al., “Easy Separable, Floatable, and Recyclable Magnetic-Biochar/Alginate Bead as Super-Adsorbent for Adsorbing Copper Ions in Water Media,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 383, pp. 1-33, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[66] Xudong Yan et al., “Enhancing The Corrosion Inhibition of Copper Sheets in Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsions by Combining Two Organic Heterocyclic Derivatives,” RSC Advances, vol. 14, no. 43, pp. 31825-31836, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[67] De Liu et al., “Changes of N6-Methyladenosine and Ferroptosis in Cadmium-Induced Reproductive Toxicity of Male Mice Fed a High Fat and High Sugar Diet,” Toxicology, vol. 516, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[68] Fernanda Junqueira Salles et al., “Effects of Minimal Arsenic, Lead, and Cadmium Exposure on Biological Pathways in Brazilian Informal Workers Welding Fashion Jewelry,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, vol. 89, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[69] Yilin Chen et al., “Association of Blood Cadmium and Physical Activity with Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 290, pp. 1-10, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[70] Zituo Yang et al., “Unveiling the Underwater Threat: Exploring Cadmium's Adverse Effects on Tilapia,” Science of The Total Environment, vol. 912, pp. 1-47, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[71] Tengqi Xu et al., “Deciphering Soil Amendments and Actinomycetes for Remediation of Cadmium (Cd) Contaminated Farmland,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 249, pp. 1-10, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[72] Yi Sun et al., “Multigenerational Genetic Effects of Paternal Cadmium Exposure on Ovarian Granulosa Cell Apoptosis,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 262, pp. 1-14, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[73] Haotian He et al., “Cadmium Exposure Impairs Skeletal Muscle Function by Altering Lipid Signature and Inducing Inflammation in C57BL/6J Mice,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 258, pp. 1-11, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[74] Faruk Karahan et al., “Heavy Metal Levels and Mineral Nutrient Status in Different Parts of Various Medicinal Plants Collected from Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 197, no. 1, pp. 316-329, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[75] Al Moaruf Olukayode Ajasa et al., “Heavy Trace Metals and Macronutrients Status in Herbal Plants of Nigeria,” Food Chemistry, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 67-71, 2004.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[76] Muhammad Saeed et al., “Chicory (Cichorium Intybus) Herb: Chemical Composition, Pharmacology, Nutritional and Healthical Applications,” International Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 351-360, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[77] Hideki Tanaka et al., “Comparison of Nutrient Uptake and Antioxidative Response Among Four Labiatae Herb Species Under Salt Stress Condition,” Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol. 64, no. 5, pp. 589-597, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[78] Ahmed Boukeloua et al., “Mineral Analysis of Pistacia Species with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS),” Natural Product Research, pp. 1-14, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[79] S. Qureshi et al., “Beneficial Uses of Dandelion Herb (Taraxacum Officinale) in Poultry Nutrition,” World’s Poultry Science Journal, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 591-602, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[80] Dorota Adamczyk-Szabela, Katarzyna Lisowska, and Wojciech M. Wolf, “Hysteresis of Heavy Metals Uptake Induced in Taraxacum Officinale by Thiuram,” Scientistic Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-10, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[81] Z. Krejpcio, E. Krol, and S. Sionkowski,” Evaluation of Heavy Metals Contents in Spices and Herbs Available on the Polish Market,” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 97-100, 2007.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[82] Greetha Arumugam, Mallappa Kumara Swamy, and Uma Rani Sinniah, “Plectranthus Amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng: Botanical, Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Nutritional Significance,” Molecules, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1-26, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[83] Ade Chandra Iwansyah et al., “Relationship Between Antioxidant Properties and Nutritional Composition of Some Galactopoietics Herbs Used in Indonesia: A Comparative Study,” International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 236-243, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[84] Hasina Sultana et al., “Nutrients, Bioactive Compounds and Antinutritional Properties of Marigold Genotypes as Promising Functional Food,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-19, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[85] R. Subramanian et al., “Analysis of Mineral and Heavy Metal Levels Nutrients in Medicinal Plants Collected from Local Market,” Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. S74-S78, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[86] José Chang Kee et al., “Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Native Andean Plants: Potential Tools for Soil Phytoremediation in Ancash (Peru),” Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, vol. 25, no. 34, pp. 33957-33957, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]