A Dual-Band Conformal Implantable Monopole Antenna for the 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz ISM Bands
A Dual-Band Conformal Implantable Monopole Antenna for the 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz ISM Bands |
||
 |
 |
|
| © 2025 by IJETT Journal | ||
| Volume-73 Issue-9 |
||
| Year of Publication : 2025 | ||
| Author : Rula Alrawashdeh | ||
| DOI : 10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I9P102 | ||
How to Cite?
Rula Alrawashdeh ,"A Dual-Band Conformal Implantable Monopole Antenna for the 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz ISM Bands", International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 73, no. 9, pp.10-19, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I9P102
Abstract
This paper presents a monopole antenna for implantable applications in the 902-928 MHz and 2.4-2.5 GHz Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands. The antenna has a planar structure conformal to rectangular implants with overall dimensions of 20×20×0.4 mm3. It obtains a maximum gain of -20.9 and -29 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 0.43 and 0.15% at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz, respectively. It also has obtained a bandwidth of 32 and 20% around the above-mentioned frequencies, which is wide enough to maintain good matching below -10 dB in the real human body. The proposed antenna has obtained a relatively large gain value at 915 MHz in comparison with other conformal or flexible antennas proposed in the literature. It is probably the smallest antenna proposed in literature with the largest gain, wider bandwidth and dual band functionality at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz ISM bands.
Keywords
Conformal antennas, 915 MHz, Implantable antennas, ISM.
References
[1] Md Mohiuddin Soliman et al., “Review on Medical Implantable Antenna Technology and Imminent Research Challenges,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 1-28, 2021.
[CrossRef ] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Jian Feng Zhao et al., “A Review on Human Body Communication: Signal Propagation Model, Communication Performance, and Experimental Issues,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2017, pp. 1-15, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] “C95.1-2005 - IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz,” IEEE Std C95.1-2005 (Revision of IEEE Std C95.1-1991), pp. 1-238, 2006.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Jamal Nasir et al., “Miniaturized Quad-Band Implantable Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscopy and Deep Tissue Monitoring Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 73, no. 8, pp. 5333-5345, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Tarakeswar Shaw, and Debasis Mitra, “Wireless Power Transfer System Design for Biomedical Implants at 2.45 GHz,” 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC), Singapore, pp. 717-719, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Jingchen Wang et al., “Design of an Implantable Antenna for Wireless Communication of Ingestible Capsule Endoscope,” 2019 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Xi'an, China, pp. 1-3, 2019.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Ahmed Z.A. Zaki et al., “Design and Modeling of Ultra-Compact Wideband Implantable Antenna for Wireless ISM Band,” Bioengineering, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1-19, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Daibin Jing et al., “Compact and Broadband Circularly Polarized Implantable Antenna for Wireless Implantable Medical Devices,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 1236-1240, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Joan Gemio, Josep Parron, and J. Soler, “Human Body Effects on Implantable Antennas for ISM Bands Applications: Models Comparison and Propagation Losses Study,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research, vol. 110, pp. 437-452, 2010.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Changrong Liu, Yudi Zhang, and Xueguan Liu, “Circularly Polarized Implantable Antenna for 915 MHz ISM-Band Far-Field Wireless Power Transmission,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 373-376, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Sarosh Ahmad et al., “A Wideband Bear-Shaped Compact Size Implantable Antenna for In-Body Communications,” Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1-13, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Nabeel Ahmed Malik et al., “A Compact Size Implantable Antenna for Bio-medical Applications,” 2020 International Conference on UK-China Emerging Technologies (UCET), Glasgow, UK, pp. 1-4, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Zhihao Luan et al., “Design of an Implantable Antenna Operating at ISM Band Using Magneto-Dielectric Material,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, vol. 82, pp. 65-72, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] S. Ashok Kumar, and T. Shanmuganantham, “Scalp-Implantable Antenna for Biomedical Applications,” 2020 URSI Regional Conference on Radio Science (URSI-RCRS), Varanasi, India, pp. 1-4, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] S. Ashok Kumar, and T. Shanmuganantham, “Implantable Monopole Antennas for ISM Band Applications,” 2013 IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC), Bhubaneswar, India, pp. 1-2, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Srinivasan Ashok Kumar, and Thangavelu Shanmuganantham, “Implantable CPW-fed Z-Monopole Antennas at 2.45 GHz ISM Band for Biomedical Applications,” International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, Bhubaneswar, India, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 529-533, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Pujayita Saha, Debasis Mitra, and Susanta Kumar Parui, “A Circularly Polarized Implantable Monopole Antenna for Biomedical Applications,” Progress in Electromagnetic Research C, vol. 85, pp. 167-175, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Jabir Aziz, and Ayat Kamel, “Design of Miniaturized Printed Spiral Monopole Antena,” Al-Rafidain Journal of Engineering Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 24-34, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Amal Bouazizi et al, “A Miniaturized Implantable Monopole Antenna Design for Kidney Cancer Detection,” World Journal of Modelling and Simulation, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3-10, 2020.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] S. Dinesh, R. Vivek Priyan, and R. Jothichitra, “Design of Implantable Patch Antenna for Biomedical Application,” 2015 International Conference on Innovations in Information, Embedded and Communication Systems (ICIIECS), Coimbatore, India, pp. 1-6, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Mehrab Ramzan et al., “An Ultra-Miniaturized High Efficiency Implanted Spiral Antenna for Leadless Cardiac Pacemakers,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 621-632, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] CST Studio Suite, Electromagnetic Field Simulation Software, Simulia, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://www.CST.com
[23] Yi Huang, and Kevin Boyle, Antennas from Theory to Practice, 2nd ed., Wiley, 2008.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Anwar Tarawneh et al., “A Triple Band Flexible Antenna based on Asymmetric Spiral Split Rings Coupled to External Loop,” Jordan Journal of Energy (JJE), vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Daniele Andreuccetti, Roberto Fossi, and Caterina Petrucci, An Internet resource for the calculation of the Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues in the Frequency Range 10Hz-100GHz, IFAC, 1996. [Online]. Available: http://niremf.ifac.cnr.it/tissprop/
[26] Jayant Charthad et al., “A mm-Sized Implantable Medical Device (IMD) with Ultrasonic Power Transfer and a Hybrid Bi-Directional Data Link,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 50, no. 8, pp. 1741-1753, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[27] Archana Mohan, and Niraj Kumar, “Implantable Antennas for Biomedical Applications: A Systematic Review,” BioMedical Engineering OnLine, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1-29, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Amjad Iqbal et al., “Wireless Power Transfer System for Deep-Implanted Biomedical Devices,” Scientific Reports, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Kevin A. Kam et al., “A Fully Integrable 915MHz Implantable Antenna System for Long-Range Telemetry in Rodents,” 2023 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Biomedical Conference (IMBioC), Leuven, Belgium, pp. 55-57, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] Sarosh Ahmad et al., “X-Shaped Slotted Patch Biomedical Implantable Antenna for Wireless Communication Networks,” Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 2022, pp. 1-11, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Nabeel Ahmed Malik, “Design of Implantable Antennas for Biomedical Application,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Bedfordshier, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Majdi Bahrouni et al., “Modeling of a Compact, Implantable, Dual-Band Antenna for Biomedical Applications,” Electronics, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1-15, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Yara A. Kamel et al., “RF Communication between Dual Band Implantable and on Body Antennas for Biotelemetry Application,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Md. Masud Rana, Md. Ariful Islam, and Ibrahim M. Mehedim “Dual-Band Implantable Antenna Loaded with Patch Slots for Wireless Biotelemetry Systems,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, vol. 141, pp. 151-162, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] Jamel Smida et al., “A Compact Implantable Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Antenna for Biotelemetry and Sensing Applications,” Sensors, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 1-18, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Zongsheng Gan et al., “A Small Implantable Compact Antenna for Wireless Telemetry Applied to Wireless Body Area Networks,” Applied Sciences, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1-18, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]