Recycling of Calcination Waste for use as Cement Replacement in Green Building
How to Cite?
Mostafa Shaaban, Mohamed Nooman, "Recycling of Calcination Waste for use as Cement Replacement in Green Building," International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 20-32, 2021. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V69I10P204
Abstract
Waste recycling is a major key to sustainability, as it saves natural raw materials and energy consumption, reduces solid pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions. In this context, this research is a continuation of efforts aimed at utilizing waste to produce sustainable construction material. This study presents an early investigation to utilize the calcination waste as a cement replacement, calcination waste (CW) is a solid waste collected during the calcination process of dolomite and/or limestone.Six mortar mixtures were prepared by replacement cement with 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of CW. Specimens of each mixture were tested for fluidity, setting time, density, and shrinkage, compressive and flexural strength. In order to evaluate the durability of mortars , another set of specimens were cured in 5%Na2SO4 solution for different ages,then these specimens examined for appearance, weight loss, compressive strength loss, microstructure. The results proved the feasibility of replacing cement with 5% and 10% of CW, where the mortar properties were improved in terms of dry shrinkage, compressive and flexural strength, in addition the losses of weight and strength due to sulfate attack were minor. Otherwise, replacement of cement by CW with 20% or more was affected negatively on the mortar properties.
Keywords
Recycling solid waste, sustainability, calcination waste, green cement mortar, strength, carbon emissions.
Reference
[1] Kaza, S.; Lisa Y.; Perinaz, B.-T.; Frank, V. W.What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Urban Development Series. Washington, DC: World Bank.1329-0.License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO, 2018.
[2] Statista.Available online:https://www.statista.com/statistics/1087115/global-cementproduction- volume/ (accesses on 11 july 2021)
[3] Sanjuán, M.A.; Carmen, A.; Pedro,. M.; Ancieto, Z.Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Mortars and Concretes Made with Portuguese Cements Miguel. Appl. Sci., 10 (2020) 1-15.
[4] Schorcht, F.; Kourti, I.; Scalet, B.; Roudier, S.; Delgado, S. L.Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide, Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg (Luxembourg), (2013).
[5] Sanjuán, M.Á.; Andrade, C.; Mora, P.; Zaragoza, A. Carbon Dioxide Uptake by Cement-Based Materials: A Spanish Case Study. Appl. Sci., 10 (2020) 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10010339
[6] Fernández-Jiménez, A.; Angel, P. Properties and uses of alkali cements. Rev. Ing. Constr., 24(2009) 213–232.
[7] Khan, M.N.N.; Jamil, M.; Karim, M.R.; Zain, M.F.M.; Kaish, A.B.M.A. Filler effect of pozzolanic materials on the strength and microstructure development of mortar. KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 21(2017) 274–284.
[8] Celik, K.; Jackson, M.D.; Mancio, M.; Meral, C.; Emwas, A.H.; Mehta, P.K.; Monteiro, P.J.M. High-volume natural volcanic pozzolan and limestone powder as partial replacements for portland cement in self-compacting and sustainable concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos., 45(2014) 136–147.
[9] Scheetza, B.E.; Earle, R. Utilization of fly ash. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 3 (1998) 510–520.
[10] Amran,Y.H.M.; Mariantonieta, G. S.; Rayed, A.; Mohamed, E.; Hisham, A.; Vegard A. Performance investigation of high-proportion Saudi-fly-ash-based concrete. Results in Engineering, 6(2020) 100118.
[11] Yang, J.; Huang, J.; Su, Y.; He, X.; Tan, H.; Yang, W.; Strnadel, B. Eco-friendly treatment of low-calcium coal fly ash for high pozzolanic reactivity: A step towards waste utilization in sustainable building material. J. Clean. Prod., 238(2019) 117962.
[12] Krishnaraj, L.; Ravichandran, P.T. Investigation on grinding impact of fly ash particles and its characterization analysis in cement mortar composites. Ain Shams Eng. J., 10 (2019) 267–274.
[13] Berry,E.E.; Ray, T. H.; Min-Hong, Z.;Bruce, J. C.; Dean, M. G.Hydration in high-volume fly ash concrete binders. ACI Materials Journal, 91, 4 (1994) 382-389
[14] Paris, J.M.; Roessler, J.G.; Ferraro, C.C.; DeFord, H.D.; Townsend, T.G. A review of waste products utilized as supplements to Portland cement in concrete. J. Clean. Prod., 121 (2016) 1–18.
[15] Bhanja, S.; Sengupta; B.Influence of silica fume on the tensile strength of concrete. Cem. Concr. Res., 35, 4(2005) 743–747.
[16] Ávalos-Rendón, T.L.; Chelala, E.A.P.; Mendoza Escobedo, C.J.; Figueroa, I.A.; Lara, V.H.; Palacios-Romero, L.M. Synthesis of belite cements at low temperature from silica fume and natural commercial Zeolite. Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 229 (2018) 79–85.
[17] Meddah, M.S.; Ismail, M.A.; El-Gamal, S.; Fitriani, H. Performances evaluation of binary concrete designed with silica fume and metakaolin. Constr. Build. Mater., 166 (2018) 400–412.
[18] Rashad, A.M. An overview on rheology, mechanical properties and durability of high- volume slag used as a cement replacement in paste, mortar and concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 187 (2018) 89–117.
[19] Roy, D. M.; Idorn, G. M. Hydration, Structure, and Properties of Blast Furnace Cements, Mortars, and Concrete. ACI J., (1982) 444–457.
[20] Arya, C.; Xu, Y.Effect of cement type on chloride binding and corrosion of steel in concrete. Cem. Concr. Res., 25(4)(19995) 893- 902.
[21] Colangelo, F.; Cioffi, R. Use of cement kiln dust, blast furnace slag and marble sludge in the manufacture of sustainable artificial aggregates by means of cold bonding palletization. Materials, 6(2013) 3139-3159.
[22] Du, S. Mechanical properties and reaction characteristics of asphalt emulsion mixture with activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Constr. Build. Mater., 187 (2018) 439–447.
[23] Rahla, K.M.; Mateus, R.; Bragança, L. Comparative sustainability assessment of binary blended concretes using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). J. Clean. Prod., 220(2019) 445–459.
[24] Hassan, H.; Abdul-Kareem, O. M.; Shihab, A. Y. Utilization of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) as a partial replacement of cement in mortar and concrete. Al-Rafidain Eng., 21(6) (2013) 72-87.
[25] Udoeyo, F.; Hyee, A. Strengths of cement kiln dust concrete. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 14(6)(2002) 524-526.
[26] Shah.S.P.; Kejin, W. Development of green cement for sustainable concrete using cement kiln dust and fly ash. International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology, (2004).
[27] Letelier, V.; José, M., O.; Pedro, M.; Ester, T.; Giacomo, M.Influence of waste brick powder in the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Sustainability, 10(4)(2018) 1037.
[28] Ortega, J.M.; Viviana, L.; Carlos, S.; Giacomo, M.; Miguel, Á.C.; ISidro, S. Long-term effects of waste brick powder addition in the microstructure and service properties of mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 182(2018)691–702.
[29] Rakhimova, N.R.; Ravil, Z. R. Alkali-activated cements and mortars based on blast furnace slag and red clay brick waste. Materials & Design, 85(11)(2015) 324–331.
[30] Ge, Z.; Wang, Y.; Sun, R.; Wu, X.; Guan, Y. Influence of ground waste clay brick on properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 98 (2015) 128–136.
[31] Aliabdo, A.A.; Abd-Elmoaty, M. A.; Hassan, H.H. Utilization of crushed clay brick in concrete industry. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 53(1) (2014) 151–168.
[32] Thiedeitz, M.; Schmidt, W.; Härder, M.; Kränkel, T. Performance of Rice Husk Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Material after Production in the Field and in the Lab. Materials, 13(2020) 4319.
[33] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize (accessed on 12 July 2021).
[34] Xu, W.; Lo, T.Y.; Wang, W.; Ouyang, D.; Wang, P.; Xing, F. Pozzolanic Reactivity of Silica Fume and Ground Rice Husk Ash as Reactive Silica in a Cementitious System: A Comparative Study. Materials, 9(2016) 146.
[35] James, J.; Subba, R.M. Reactivity of rice husk ash. Cem. Concr. Res., 16(1986) 296–302z
[36] Engler, P.; Santana, M.W.; Mittleman, M.L.; Balazs, D.Non- Isothermal In Situ XRD Analysis Of Dolomite Decomposition.The Rigaku Journal, 5(2)(1988)3-8.
[37] Caceres,P.G.; Attiogbe,E.K. Thermal decomposition of dolomite and the extraction of its constituents, Min. Eng., 10 (1997) 1165–1176.
[38] Robert, S., B. In Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone, 2nd ed.; John Wiley and Sons Inc.: New York, America, (1980).
[39] Mako, E. The effect of quartz content on the mechanical activation of dolomite. J. Eur Ceram Soc., 27(2007) 535–540.
[40] Tridge. Available online: https://www.tridge.com/intelligences/lime/production (accessed on 16 July 2021).
[41] Grand View Research. Available online:https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industryanalysis/ dolomite-market (accessed on 8 July 2021).
[42] ASTM C150 / C150M-20, Standard Specification for Portland Cement, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2020).
[43] ASTM C33 / C33M-08, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2008).
[44] ASTM C1602 / C1602M-18, Standard Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2018).
[45] ASTM C1437-20, Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2020), www.astm.org
[46] ASTM C191-19, Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019, www.astm.org
[47] ASTM C109 / C109M-20b, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube Specimens), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020.
[48] ASTM C348-21, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2021).
[49] ASTM C157 / C157M-17, Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2017).
[50] ASTM C270-14a, Standard Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, (2014).
[51] Shaaban, M. Properties of concrete with binary binder system of calcined dolomite powder and rice husk ash. Heliyon, 7(2)(2021), e06311.
[52] Aqel, M.; Panesar, D. Physical and Chemical Effects of Limestone Filler on the Hydration of Steam Cured Cement Paste and Mortar. Revista de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Control de Calidad, Patología y Recuperación de la Construcción, 10 (2020) 191 - 205.
[53] Fang, Y.H.; Gu, Y.M.; Kang, Q.B. Effect of fly ash, MgO and curing solution on the chemical shrinkage of alkali-activated slag cement. In Advanced Materials Research; Trans Tech Publication, (2011) 2008– 2012.
[54] Jin, F.; Gu, K.; Al-Tabbaa, A. Strength and hydration properties of reactive MgO-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag paste. Cem. Concr. Compos., 57 (2015) 8–16.
[55] Makhloufi Z, Kadri EH, Bouhicha M, Benaissa A. Resistance of limestone mortar with quaternary binders to sulfuric acid solution. Constr Build Mater, 26 (2012) 497–504
[56] X.-Y.Wang. Modeling of hydration, compressive strength, and carbonation of Portland-limestone cement (PLC) concrete. Materials, (2017), 10, article 115.
[57] Tsivilis, S.;Tsantilas, J.; Kakali, G.; Chaniotakis, E.; Sakellariou, A. ,The permeability of Portland limestone cement concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 33(9) (2003) 1465–1471.
[58] Egyptian Standard Specifications No 2421-1993. Testing of natural and mechanical properties of ordinary Portland cement.(1993).
[59] Mohammad, H.; Tahir, M.; Sam, A.M.; Lim, N.H.A.; Samadi, M. Enhanced performance for aggressive environments of green concrete composites reinforced with waste carpet fibers and palm oil fuel ash. J. Clean. Prod., 185 (2018) 252–265.
[60] Al-Dulaijan, S.U.; Maslehuddin, M.; Al-Zahrani, M.M.; Sharif, A.M.; Shameem, M.; Ibrahim, M. Sulfate resistance of plain and blended cements exposed to varying concentrations of sodium sulfate. Cement and Concrete Composites, 25, 4-5 (2003) 429–437.
[61] Zabihi, S.M.; Tavakoli, H.R. Evaluation of monomer ratio on performance of GGBFS-RHA alkali-activated concretes. Constr. Build. Mater., 208 (2019)326–332.
[62] Demir,I.; Selahattin, G.; Özer, S. Effects of sulfate on cement mortar with hybrid pozzolan substitution. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 21(3) (2018) 275-283.
[63] Bakharev, T. Resistance of geopolymer materials to acid attack. Cem. Concr. Res., 35 (2005) 658–670.
[64] Biricik,H. ;Fevziye, Aköz, F.; Türker, I. B. Resistance to magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate attack of mortars containing wheat straw ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 30 (2000) 1189-1197.