Enhanced Glaucoma Detection in Fundus Images Using CNNs with Retinex and Color Correction
Enhanced Glaucoma Detection in Fundus Images Using CNNs with Retinex and Color Correction |
||
![]() |
![]() |
|
© 2025 by IJETT Journal | ||
Volume-73 Issue-9 |
||
Year of Publication : 2025 | ||
Author : Upasana Mishra, Jagdish Raikwal | ||
DOI : 10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I9P110 |
How to Cite?
Upasana Mishra, Jagdish Raikwal,"Enhanced Glaucoma Detection in Fundus Images Using CNNs with Retinex and Color Correction", International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 73, no. 9, pp.100-113, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22315381/IJETT-V73I9P110
Abstract
Glaucoma leads to an unequivocal, irreversible blindness all over the world. In 2020, there were an estimated 80 million glaucoma cases. Complex screening methods and a lack of human resources create delays that are contributing to global vision loss. An automatic, efficient system for the detection of the affected area of glaucoma should be designed, which will overcome the drawbacks of manual methods. Most existing machine learning algorithms are primarily used as a prediction tool, which makes it difficult for doctors, patients, and other practitioners in the medical field to understand how the data is processed for analysis and decision-making. In this article, a CNN-based Retinex framework with a colour correction method is developed to overcome these issues. The proposed method combines the CNN and general loss function and color correc-tion for improving the appearance of fundus images to restore the original colors and remove the illumination effects. Meth-ods: This method uses statistical tests in dataset preprocessing. The framework is presented with concrete diagrams and mathematical notation, which will lead to reproducible results. The framework developed here, in conjunction of demonstration, may be expanded to automated diagnostic tools for glaucoma for use in clinical practice.
Keywords
Convolutional Neural Network, Color Correction Algorithm, Deep Neural Network, Glaucoma Detection, Retinex.
References
[1] Kwokleung Chan et al., “Comparison of Machine Learning and Traditional Classifiers in Glaucoma Diagnosis,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 49, no. 9, pp. 963-974, 2002.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Xiangyu Chen et al., “Glaucoma Detection Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network,” 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milan, Italy, pp. 715-718, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Alan Carlos de Moura Lima et al., “Glaucoma Diagnosis Over Eye Fundus Image Through Deep Features,” 2018 25th International Conference on Systems, Signals and Image Processing (IWSSIP), Maribor, Slovenia, pp. 1-4, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Tehmina Khalil, Samina Khalid, and Adeel M. Syed, “Review of Machine Learning Techniques for Glaucoma Detection and Prediction,” 2014 Science and Information Conference, London, UK, pp. 438-442, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Seong Jae Kim, Kyong Jin Cho, and Sejong Oh, “Development of Machine Learning Models for Diagnosis of Glaucoma,” PLOS One, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 1-16, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Zheng Chengjie et al., “Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma,” Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 97-103, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Zvia Burgansky-Eliash et al., “Optical Coherence Tomography Machine Learning Classifiers for Glaucoma Detection: A Preliminary Study,” Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 4147-4152, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Fei Li et al., “Visual Field-Based Automatic Diagnosis of Glaucoma using Deep Convolutional Neural Network,” International Workshop on Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis, Granada, Spain, pp. 285-293, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Tanzila Saba et al., “Fundus Image Classification Methods for the Detection of Glaucoma: A Review,” Microscopy Research and Tech-nique, vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 1105-1121, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Wheyming Tina Song, Ing-Chou Lai, and Yi-Zhu Su, “A Statistical Robust Glaucoma Detection Framework Combining Retinex, CNN, and DOE using Fundus Images,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 103772-103783, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Lauren J. Coan et al., “Automatic Detection of Glaucoma via Fundus Imaging and Artificial Intelligence: A Review,” Survey of Oph-thalmology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 17-41, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] S. Sankar Ganesh et al., “A Novel Context-Aware Joint Segmentation and Classification Framework for Glaucoma Detection,” Compu-tational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, vol. 2021, pp. 1-19, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Neeraj Gupta, Hitendra Garg, and Rohit Agarwal, “A Robust Framework for Glaucoma Detection using CLAHE and EfficientNet,” The Visual Computer International Journal of Computer Graphics, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 2315-2328, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Md. Sarwar Kamal et al., “Explainable AI for Glaucoma Prediction Analysis to Understand Risk Factors in Treatment Planning,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. 71, pp. 1-9, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] José Ignacio Orlando et al., “Refuge Challenge: A Unified Framework for Evaluating Automated Methods for Glaucoma Assessment from Fundus Photographs,” Medical Image Analysis, vol. 59, pp. 1-47, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Marriam Nawaz et al., “An Efficient Deep Learning Approach to Automatic Glaucoma Detection using Optic Disc and Optic Cup Lo-calization,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1-18, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Yasmeen George et al., “Attention-Guided 3D-CNN Framework for Glaucoma Detection and Structural-Functional Association using Volumetric Images,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 3421-3430, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] Liu Li et al., “A Large-Scale Database and a CNN Model for Attention-Based Glaucoma Detection,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 413-424, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] Liu Li et al., “Attention based Glaucoma Detection: A Large-Scale Database and CNN Model,” Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Long Beach, CA, USA, pp. 10571-10580, 2019.
[Publisher Link]
[20] Arunava Chakravarty, and Jayanthi Sivswamy, “A Deep Learning based Joint Segmentation and Classification Framework for Glaucoma Assessment in Retinal Color Fundus Images,” arXiv Preprint, pp. 1-8, 2018.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Shubham Joshi et al., “Glaucoma Detection using Image Processing and Supervised Learning for Classification,” Journal of Healthcare Engineering, vol. 2022, no. 1, pp. 1-12, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] M.P. Karthikeyan, E.A. Mary Anita, and D. Mohana Geetha, “Towards Developing an Automated Technique for Glaucomatous Image Classification and Diagnosis (AT-GICD) using Neural Networks,” International Journal of Information Technology, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 3727-3739, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Krishnamoorthy Somasundaram, Paulraj Sivakumar, and Durairaj Suresh, “Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Diseases with Transfer Learning using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 49-56, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Maíla de Lima Claro et al., “Automatic Glaucoma Detection based on Optic Disc Segmentation and Texture Feature Extraction,” CLEI Electronic Journal, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1-19, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] Ryo Asaoka et al., “Detecting Preperimetric Glaucoma with Standard Automated Perimetry using a Deep Learning Classifier,” Oph-thalmology, vol. 123, no. 9, pp. 1974-1980, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[26] Saad Albawi, Tareq Abed Mohammed, and Saad Al-Zawi, “Understanding of a Convolutional Neural Network,” 2017 International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET), Antalya, Turkey, pp. 1-6, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[27] Laith Alzubaidi et al., “Review of Deep Learning: Concepts, CNN Architectures, Challenges, Applications, Future Directions,” Journal of Big Data, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-74, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[28] Ningning Ma et al., “ShuffleNetV2: Practical Guidelines for Efficient CNN Architecture Design,” Proceedings of the European Confer-ence on Computer Vision (ECCV), Munich, Germany, 2018, pp. 116-131.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Fu Huazhu et al., “Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Image Dataset,” Figshare, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[30] Laurent Massoptier, and Sergio Casciaro, “A New Fully Automatic and Robust Algorithm for Fast Segmentation of Liver Tissue and Tumors from CT Scans,” European Radiology, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 1658-1665, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[31] Mahmoud Said Elsayed et al., “DDosNet: A Deep-Learning Model for Detecting Network Attacks,” 2020 IEEE 21st International Sym-posium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Cork, Ireland, pp. 391-396, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[32] Xiao Chun Ling et al., “Deep Learning in Glaucoma Detection and Progression Prediction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Biomedicines, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1-26, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[33] Jiatong Zhang et al., “A Scoping Review of Advancements in Machine Learning for Glaucoma: Current Trends and Future Direction,” Frontiers in Medicine, vol. 12, pp. 1-12, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[34] Vibhanshu Gupta et al., Glaucoma Detection in the Age of AI: A Solution for Sustainable Future, 1st ed., CRC Press EBooks, pp. 528-534, 2025.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[35] K. Gogila Devi et al., “Machine Learning based Glaucoma Detection using Electroretinography (ERG) Signals for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring,” 2025 7th International Conference on Inventive Material Science and Applications (ICIMA), India, pp. 436-441, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[36] Malika Urazhanova et al., “Glaucoma Screening in Kazakhstan,” Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[37] Yukihiro Shiga et al., “Editorial: Advanced Ophthalmic Imaging in Glaucoma and other Optic Neuropathies,” Frontiers in Ophthalmol-ogy, vol. 5, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[38] Jalil Jalili et al., “Glaucoma Detection and Feature Identification via GPT-4V Fundus Image Analysis,” Ophthalmology Science, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1-12, 2025.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]